Kuyini GLONASS futhi ukuthi lihluke kanjani GPS American

Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) kwabezindaba esanda unikezwe eningi ukunakwa, engumshumayeli elula, ikakhulukazi kude izinkinga satellite Ukuqondiswa kwemikhumbi, kungase kubonakale sengathi uhlelo olusha ngakho futhi isakhasa. Eqinisweni, lena ngokuphelele akunjalo. Nokho, lokho GLONASS? Lapho wafika, futhi i-GPS engcono elaziwayo?

Umlando ukuvela kwezindaba satellite navigation yasekhaya

Umqondo usebenzisa yokufakelwa emhlabeni iziphuphutheki ukuze izidingo navigation uvele ngaphambi zamashumi amahlanu ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka, lapho into yokuqala wadala babe ngumsebenzi wezandla zomuntu, uvele Umhlaba orbit. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukubukela amasignali e-satellite ngowokuqala, ososayensi kubonakala umkhuba ukuthi imvamisa we isignali eyamukelwe ngesethelayithi akhiwe endaweni orbit iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi isikhundla salo isihlobo umuntu obuka (Doppler umphumela). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwazi isikhundla esiqondile obuka emhlabeni, umuntu angabona ulinganise isikhundla kanye velocity we-satellite, futhi ngokufanelekile, okuphambene nalokho. BaseMelika lo mbono lagcwaliseka ngo-1974, lapho uhlelo DNSS wethula navigation satellite lokuqala (kamuva lolu hlelo okuthiwa Navstar-GPS, bese - nje GPS).

Futhi lokho ku Space lenkaba? ososayensi Soviet ngalesi sikhathi, futhi, kungukuthi ehlezi izandla. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba izwe wathola ukuthi GLONASS noma i-GPS, ngo-1967 wethula satellite navigation lokuqala "Kosmos-192" futhi "Cosmos-220" ngo-1968. Bobabili iziphuphutheki yayiklanyelwe izidingo navigation futhi ukunikeza elide zokuxhumana imikhumbi Soviet Navy futhi babephakathi yokuzulazula uhlelo "Cyclone" (inguqulo civil - "Cicada"). Futhi ngo-1976, uhlelo has a ubulungu 6 mkhathi "Span", sesivele ayifake inkonzo. Ukunemba positional kuyinto 80-100 m, owawungumnyaka akukubi kangako ngoba ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngesikhathi yabe seyaziwa ukuthi GLONASS. Ngo-1976, e nokuqhubekisa uhlelo "Cyclone" we CPSU CC kanye USSR Council of Ministers wakhipha isimemezelo esikhethekile ku ukuqhubeka yasekhaya satellite navigation. Naphezu amashifu njalo isikhathi, ngo-Okthoba 1982 satellite lokuqala ku-orbit "iSiphepho" u umkhankaso eziphathelene uhlelo GLONASS, ngo-1991 kwaba kakade orbit 12 iziphuphutheki izinto ngemizimba yabo.

ukutholwa loluhlelekile ohlelweni operation senzeka ngo-September 1993, futhi ngo-1995 iqembu satellite lalinabashumayeli 24 iziphuphutheki (isibalo sabasebenzi). Ngeshwa, ukuhlelwa kabusha, okwalandela nciphisa zase-USSR, kanye elinganiselwe sokuphila kwayo konke satellite kwaholela yokuthi ngu 2001 lapho, kwakufanele orbit 6 kuphela ezisasebenza, futhi yileyo GLONASS yaqala kancane ukukhohlwa.

Ukulandela ukutholwa ngo 2001 zohlelo isimo sikahulumeni kodwa waqala ukulungisa, futhi ekupheleni 2011 Inombolo njalo satellites ekhuliswe ezingeni oyifunayo. Ukuze kwesikhathi 2012 -2020 GG. on ukuthuthukisa GLONASS labelwe ruble 320 billion. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, sihlelwe ukukhiqiza futhi uqalise iziphuphutheki ngaphezulu 22 "Glonass-K" futhi 15 "GLONASS-M"

Kanjani GLONASS

Umgomo we operation ezifuywayo navigation system kuyafana ukuthi we-GPS American. iziphuphutheki azungeza ngokuqhubekayo ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana ezimbili izinhlobo amasignali - ejwayelekile futhi ukunemba okuphezulu ezitholakala abathengi elise cishe noma kuphi emhlabeni. kuphela ohambelana imishini GLONASS liyadingeka ukucacisa izixhumanisi ngqo.

Nakuba ukunemba sokunquma Ukudidiyela uhlelo usebenzisa yasekhaya kancane phansi kunabaphostoli US (3-6 vs. 2-4 m m) kanye esifushane inkonzo iziphuphutheki, GLONASS inikeza ukuzinza enkulu ngenxa yokuthi akuxhomekile Ukujikeleza eMhlabeni futhi ngenxa yalokho it asidingi owenza izinguquko ezengeziwe. Uma sikhuluma ukunemba, ngo-2020, onjiniyela uhlela ukwandisa yona 0.6 m, futhi esikhathini esizayo - kuze kufinyelele 0.1 m.

Njengoba imishini eyamukelayo, le GLONASS-amatilosi, kuhlanganiswe Smartphones manje efakwe namafoni njalo. Modern hybrid idivayisi olukwazi ezisebenza kokubili GLONASS GPS, namuhla ungakwazi ngokukhululekile ukuthenga ezitolo ezithengisa umthengi electronic, noma ngaphambilini kusuka esitolo online.