Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, isazi sezibalo Soviet: Biography, umsebenzi yesayensi

Isiphetho lesi wezibalo kwaba nzima futhi ethakazelisa kakhulu. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-13, usosayensi esizayo walahlekelwa emehlweni akhe. Lokhu awamenzanga yokuthola izinto ezibalulekile eziningana mathematics. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin waklonyeliswa uMklomelo State zase-USSR, kanye nezinye imiklomelo eminingi. Indlela aphumelela ngayo baziwa emhlabeni wonke.

Umsuka Pontrjagin

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin (1908-1988) Wazalwa ngo-August 21, 1908 eMoscow, emndenini umsebenzi, wamabhuku ezimali oqeqeshiwe. Ngo-1916, usosayensi esizayo yaqala ukuthola imfundo yesibili. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin waqala ukuqonda nolwazi oluyisisekelo nge-Sciences ngasekupheleni ngenxa yokuthi umndeni wakhe yayihlupheka. Wayengeyena ingakwazi ukukhokhela ukuqeqeshwa e sokuzivocavoca Leo (uyise kwaphuma nesinedolo nesosha ezivamile ibutho).

Imfundo e esikoleni, ulahlekelwe umbono

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin ngo-1917 bathuthela esikoleni ngonyaka eziyisishiyagalolunye-okusezingeni eliphezulu, kuyilapho ingqikithi zonke. Ngaleyo minyaka, kukhethwa umsebenzi wakhe wayengenasithakazelo. Usosayensi Ikusasa Akabonisanga ukufaneleka esikhethekile wezibalo. Lapho eneminyaka engu-13, endlini yakhe kwakukhona ukuqhuma ngesitofu sikaphalafini. Ngenxa yalokho yengozi baphelelwa emehlweni akhe Lev Semenovich Pontryagin. eseyingane, cishe kwakungelula ngemva kwalesi senzakalo. Unina, Tatiana Andreevna (wasebenza njengoba wezingubo), empeleni waba ngunobhala lendodana yakhe iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin ibanga lesikhombisa, waba nesithakazelo wezibalo. Njengoba umthombo wokwaziswa wasebenzisa izihloko ezivela izichazamazwi encyclopedic. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke ukuthi usosayensi esizayo wanquma idigri kwi-mathematics. Naphezu kobunzima babantu base ezihlobene nokulahlekelwa umbono, wakwazi ukuba nokuqalisa uhlelo lwakhe lokufundisa abantu.

Imfundo e-University of

Pontryagin wangena eMoscow State University, lezi Physics neTibalo Faculty (okukhethekile - "wezibalo okumsulwa"). Wathweswa iziqu ngo-1929. Khona-ke Lev Semenovich nezifundo zakhe esikoleni iziqu, ukubhalisa esebenza eMoscow State University Ihlangano yokuNgeza Mathematics kanye Mechanics. Graduate esikoleni wathola iziqu ngo-1931. Mfundisi Vygotsky baba P. S. Aleksandrov. Pontryagin iminyaka eminingi, kwaba phansi charm bakhe obukhulu.

umsebenzi yesayensi

Lev Semenovich esikhathini kusuka 1930 kuya ku-1932 eneminyaka engu-likaprofesa algebra, kanye umsebenzi we-Institute of Mathematics kanye Mechanics. Ngo 1932-1933. kwaba ilungu yakhulela at MSU oscillations Laboratory (libhekisela Institute of Physics). Sezibalo kusuka 1934 kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe efundisa eMoscow State University. Ngo-1934, wayenza Uprofesa, futhi 1935-1938 - UProfesa Bezobunjiniyela kanye ne-mathematics Faculty. Ngo 1970-1988 GG. Pontryagin wayephethe omunye iminyango Faculty of yezamakhompyutha Mathematics kanye Cybernetics. Ngo-1935, ngaphandle sivikele mqondo, yena yanikezelwa degree of Doctor of Sciences Physical futhi Mathematical. Ngawo lowo nyaka, Pontryagin wathola isihloko Uprofesa.

Kusukela ngo-1934 futhi kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe Lev Semenovich wayesebenza esikhumulweni Steklov Mathematical Institute. Esikhathini kusuka 1934 kuya ku-1939 wayengumuntu abaphezulu ucwaningo nabo lapha. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili (1939-1959 GG.) Pontryagin wakhonza njengephayona kwenhloko yomnyango we-geometry futhi yomphindwa. Kusukela ngo-1972, isazi sezibalo, ngasebenza VINITI, lapho inani ongumcwaningi kuze 1988. Lev Semenovich wayeyilungu "Mathematics" ebhodini yokuhlela kusuka 1974 kuya ku-1980.

Pontryagin Izimpumelelo

Izindawo ezisemqoka nesithakazelo ocwaningo Aljibhra Pontryagin sika topological futhi yomphindwa, ukulawula ithiyori imfundiso yokuziphendukela umehluko zibalo. Ngo-1932, Lev Semenovich Ukuthuthukisa ezihlongozwayo ngu-Alexander ngaleyo webumbacambili umthetho, umthetho oye wabonakala ukuthi Euclidean isikhala uxhuma iqembu Siphesihle ivaliwe isethi iphahlwe nge ngokungenasizathu ivaliwe amaqembu Siphesihle isethi aphelele. Pontryagin axazulula inkinga kokubala amaqembu Betti.

Lev Semenovich ungumdali we-algebra topological. impumelelo zako ezisemqoka ezisetshenzisiwe endaweni amaqembu icwecwe futhi commutative ezihlangene. Ososayensi behlola isakhiwo sabo, futhi yabuye yenzela ukuhlaziywa harmonic. Kanyekanye ucwaningo ku webumbacambili topological futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela izinhlamvu Pontryagin eyenziwa ezimbili uchungechunge imisebenzi - ngemcondvo homotopy futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ubukhulu. Ososayensi baye babonisa (ngaphandle kokubheka Nöbeling, isazi sezibalo German kanyekanye ne) ifayela echaza ifomu eyaziwa ukuthi iyiphi n-ntathu compact maqondana isethi, okuyinto itholakala Euclidean (2N +1) isethi -dimensional kuyinto homeomorphic.

Kusukela ngo-1935 kuya ku-1940, usosayensi wabhala uchungechunge amaphepha ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela imikhiqizo skew futhi imfundiso homotopy. Pontryagin wathola isixhumanisi phakathi imisebenzi enikelwe bushelelezi manifolds, nezinkinga homotopy. Wathola amakilasi isici L. S. Pontryagina, okuyizinto invariants ka manifolds bushelelezi.

Isebenza ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela umehluko zibalo kanye imidlalo

Lev Semenovich kusukela ekuqaleni 1950, waba nesithakazelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela umehluko zibalo. Wenza ezimbili ngemijikelezo umsebenzi kule ndawo. Eyokuqala of them - perturbations elisebunyeni, futhi owesibili ihlobene imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinqubo elilungile mathematics. Lokho Lev Semenovich kubhekwe ungumdali le mfundiso. Kusekelwe esiphezulu isimiso L. S. Pontryagina. ukutholakala Wayengowesizukulwane yi eziphawuleka kakhulu ekuhloleni izinqubo elilungile. Sinesithakazelo usosayensi etholwe Imiphumela eliyisisekelo ezindaweni ezifana imfundiso yokuziphendukela umehluko imidlalo. Bazenzelé umnikelo omkhulu imfundiso yokuziphendukela control elilungile.

ukuqashelwa

Sekukonke, usosayensi wabhala kunamasonto angaba amakhulu amathathu amaphepha isayensi. Ngosizo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela, okuyinto sidalwe Lev Semenovich, ososayensi bathole inzuzo kakhulu wesifunda kagesi, ukucacisa Uhlelo esebenza kahle kakhulu petrol, nokunye. D.

Lev Semenovich kokufaneleka ayikwazi ngemibuzo. Bakhandwa neyaziwayo Russia hhayi kuphela kodwa futhi iningi lososayensi umhlaba. Academic bamenywa ukuba ahlanganyele izingqungquthela ehlonishwayo, yena waklonyeliswa nge imiklomelo ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise eU.SSR State Prize, futhi imiklomelo eminingi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Okwesikhathi esithile Pontryagin wayengomunye wabaholi be-International Mathematical Union, ngokunembile, layo iphini likamengameli.

imisebenzi yangaphandle

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Lev Semenovich njalo wafisa ukuba bahlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi. Yena wayengumbulali sezibalo, futhi abayizimpumputhe, ngakho wayengacabanga kalula ukugwema imisebenzi yomphakathi. Ikakhulukazi, lapho sekungenzeka ezingaphephile. Nokho, Lev Semenovich waphawula ingozi. Wayevame wagomela futhi wabonisa ngokuzwakalayo lokho eyayicabanga ukuthi kulungile. Nokho, alikhethi izihloko kwababusi. Lev Semenovich njalo yafuna nokuvuleka ephelele nokucacisa ebuhlotsheni obuphakathi osebenza nabo. Emsebenzini wakhe, walandela lokho okushiwo unembeza, ngokuvamile Ongasinaki emibonweni engamanga kwakuwukuthi futhi isigaba sabaphathi emhlabeni zezemfundo, kanye nezithakazelo zezinkampani. Usosayensi kubhekwe kuyisibopho akhe ukuze angenele izenzakalo eziphawulekayo emphakathini in uhulumeni, kusukela izinguquko imfundo esikoleni ziphethe iphrojekthi turning emifuleni eSiberia.

Ingxabano, okuyinto kwakuhileleke Pontryagin

Mayelana okungenhla, akumangalisi ukuthi isazi sezibalo Lev Semenovich Pontryagin ayelenzile izitha eziningi ezathatha ithuba lokuba ngamandla ukuhlasela Academician. Ukuqinisa ukunyakaza Zionist, okwenzeka ngo-1967, ngemva kwempi Arab-Israeli, yikona okuyimbangela ngokushesha ukuhlasela. EU.SSR banamathela isikhundla esebenzayo of induna. Pontryagin isibe isitha esemqoka ye Zionists, ngubani waba nethonya elikhulu e-United States nakwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga.

Ezinye zezindawo yokulwa eSoviet Union kwakuwumqansa ne isayensi ye-USSR, njengoba laziwa kanjalo, inani lemikhaya amaJuda bekulokhu kancane ephakeme kunaleyo inani abameleli bezinye izizwe njalo. Isimo siya siba sibi nakakhulu ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni wamaSoviet kuvimbe ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe benzi isayensi possessed Imininingwane imfihlo. At inhliziyo lesibangela kushayisana emkhatsini iSoviet Union Zionists ngo-1970 kungalindelekile Pontryagin.

Ukukhohlwa nokuhlunyeleliswa

Lapho isikhathi sifika, Lev Semenovich kwaba sibalo ofanele kakhulu isikhundla okuholela anti-Semite phakathi sezibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke ezweni lethu. Ngokubona zomphakathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwaba khona ngemibono yokucwaswa anti-lwamaSemite Pontryagin. Lokhu kwabangela ukwesula usosayensi njengomengameli we-Mathematical Union. Lenin uMklomelo KaNobel isidlulile ukuthola izimemo ukuze uhlanganyele izingqungquthela, igama lakhe wazama ingasaphathwa kungenzeka, ngisho indaba impumelelo yayo enkulu. Ngemva 1991, ngemibono elihlobene ne antisemitism academician, kwaba into evamile ukuthola kakhulu eRussia. Kuphela eminyakeni yamuva, sibonga imizamo nososayensi, Lev Semenovich nani lase avuselelwe.

Incwadi izinkumbulo

Academician wase-USSR Academy of L. S. Pontryagin wabhala incwadi okuthakazelisa kakhulu Umlando, zazo kungenzeka ukwazi imininingwane umlando wezibalo e-USSR engxenyeni kwekhulu lama-20 yesibili. Le ncwadi inikeza izibalo yososayensi abaningi abanamakhono - Kolmogorov, Alexandrov, Luzin nabanye. Akuve eziningi vulamehlo obuseduze nezincazelo kunalokho kuyinkimbinkimbi ukuphila komuntu Lev Semenovich. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi sesayensi ekutshela naye ezinye izici lebakucabangako ngokwesayensi. Usosayensi ubhala mayelana nendlela yokubhekana ne "engqondweni" imisebenzi enzima kakhulu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa noma iyiphi ukuhanjiswa. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, mhlawumbe - wukuthi izinkumbulo usosayensi ukunikeza sonke isibonelo ubungqabavu ezinkulukazi nokuphikelela, imithombo ongashi ubuchopho bomuntu, sisebenzisa kuphela ngokwezinga azinakwa.

Lesi sikole yesayensi Vygotsky

Ukudalelwa ubeke test sekukaningi empilweni Pontryagin - walahlekelwa emehlweni akhe. Nokho, lokhu akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa usosayensi ukuba aphishekele imfundo ephakeme, bese ukuphila kwami konke ngempumelelo ukwenza izibalo. Kulesi isayensi, eye waphumelela kakhulu. Zonke amakghonwabo Lev Semenovich nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni wezibalo ezweni lethu kanye nasemhlabeni wonke. Nguye owasungula lesikole yesayensi, babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu ukuthuthukiswa lokulawula ithiyori calculus yokwahlukahluka. Ngo amagama zezibalo, kunemibandela eminingi, onegama usosayensi - umthetho Pontryagin Pontryagin ebusweni isikhala Pontryagin et al.

Lev Semenovich waba umfundisi ovelele. Abafundi waphawula ukuthi ezinkulumo zakhe isethulo olunembile kakhulu futhi ukucaciseleka. Lezi izimfanelo wagxilisa usosayensi abaningi kubafundi bakhe.

E-Moscow, May 3, 1988, wafa Pontryagin Lev Semenovich. Umlando wakhe kuze kube namuhla uphefumulela ososayensi abaningi, kanye kude izazi zesayensi.