Leshek Baltserovich, Economist Polish: Biography, umsebenzi

Cishe amathathu edlule, Poland wakwazi kakhulu ukushintsha umnotho wabo. Ngaphandle kwawo, izwe akakaze akwazi ukuba belingana kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Futhi kube lenguquko ezimbili uyise. Eyokuqala wabo - Leshek Baltserovich. Lokhu Economist brilliant nje wakha icebo ukuze akwazi izinguquko emnothweni. Okwesibili - Leh Valensa. Wethula kwekuhlela kabusha empilweni ngesikhathi likaMengameli yakhe. Ngaphandle kwalezi zibalo ezimbili ezivelele Poland, manje eyaziwa nje ngabe ayikho. Abaphumelelanga into akwenzeki kuwo wonke osopolitiki post-Soviet, kukhona magange kwekuhlela kabusha emakethe kanye namagugu European. Manje Balcerowicz mkhakha womsebenzi kuyinto Ukraine. Poland waba ilungu EU, kodwa ngeke kube ukusiza "Ukwelapha ukushaqeka" kulesi sikhathi?

biography

Ngokuzayo Economist isiPolish kuzalwa edolobheni elincane Lipno, etholakala phakathi Wroclaw futhi Poznan ngo-1947. Kusukela ebuntwaneni wabonisa ikhono omuhle ukufunda. Ngo-1970, Leshek Baltserovich iziqu uMnyango Foreign Trade ngesikhathi Warsaw Main School of Planning and Izibalo nge-honours. Kamuva waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe phesheya. Ngo-1974, Balcerowicz wathola iziqu zeMasters kusukela St. Johns University, esemgwaqweni e-New York. Ngemva kwalokho, wabuyela Warsaw. Kube ngo-1975 wamela ocwaningeni yakhe zobudokotela. In the 1980 zakuqala, Balcerowicz bajoyine "ISolidarity". Esikhathini ukuphikiswa Communist Party kuhlanganisiwe ongqondongqondo abaningi pro-Western, technocrats yesizukulwane sakhe. Balcerowicz akazange adlale indima ebalulekile "ISolidarity", kodwa ethanda ukusebenza ne "Network." Lesi sakamuva umfelandawonye izinkampani ukuthi banobunye ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi iqembu. Ngakho uma ngicabanga "Ukwelapha ukushaqeka" ePoland. Kwakudingekile okuguqula ukuphila kwansuku umnotho emakethe.

umsebenzi Early

Njengoba wabhala Umlando wakhe, omunye "ISolidarity" abaholi kuphela Balcerowicz singafika umbono lohlelo ayo ukuguqulwa komnotho ngesikhathi lapho inyama wezwe banikwa phezu amakhadi. Ngo-1989, elibusayo Communist Party ne-ukuphikiswa wahlala phansi esigcawini sokubonisana. Kulesi sihloko, lapho kukhulunywa wezinguquko esizayo kwaba omunye wabahlanganyeli kuphela. Nokho, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, Rakovsky futhi amaKhomanisi sokwesula. Amandla "ISolidarity". Futhi eminyakeni engu-42 Leshek Baltserovich baba Isekela uNdunankulu for Umnotho.

yibhece

Eyokuqala ezibalulekile okuthunyelwe Economist kwaba iKhabhinethi wokuqala non-lamakhomanisi, laso kwaba Tadeush Mazovetsky. Umholi "ISolidarity" Leh Valensa wadabula inqwaba abafundela yiPhini uNdunankulu for Economic. Izazi eziningi zezomnotho abavelele abaye bashiya naleso sikhundla. Kodwa Balcerowicz wamukela hhayi elahlekile.

Poland ku 1980-1990

Lena inkathi eyayinzima kakhulu empilweni yezwe. Uhlelo zezimali ibilokhu yacekeleka phansi ngokuphelele, kusweleke jikelele, amanani ziye zanda kancane kancane, ngisho supply kwemikhiqizo ukhiye buphuliwe emnothweni. Ngaphandle kumiswa izindlela emakethe ayikwazi akhishwa. Kuphela ngale ndlela babekwazi ukunikeza sinjalo zezimali kanye yemali. Balcerowicz ithole ne nezikhathi ezinzima. Ayikho indlela sokushintshela kusukela socialism zezimboni zazingekho emnotfweni emakethe. Konke kwakufanele ukuqala kabusha. Ngemva Balcerowicz kwesokunxele uhulumeni, wabuyela isayensi. Wafundisa e Warsaw, futhi uye lectured emayunivesithi European futhi American kanye utlole izincwadi eziningana mayelana nakho Polish yezinguquko. Nokho, inkolelo-mbono yakhe wayengalokothi ngokwanele, kwakudingekile ukuba avivinye zonke imibono eyayisinesikhathi practice.

Nalapha futhi, uhulumeni

Ngo-1994, i-Economist uye noMbutho abaholi yangaphambili "ISolidarity" futhi wadala Freedom Union, kuphokophelephi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, leli qembu elisha waba ngobukhulu ePoland. Okhethweni ukuba ephalamende ngo-1997, wafumana endaweni yesithathu. Ngakho Leshek Baltserovich wabuyela amandla. Wayesethatha futhi abayishumi isikhundla kwezomnotho iPhini undunankulu ezezimali isikhonzi. Ngo-2000, Balcerowicz, silindele nokwahlukana okuseduze womanyano, wesula uhulumeni, wayevakashele Shevardnadze umeluleki, futhi ngo-2001 waba weNational Bank. Washiya ukuthi okuthunyelwe ngo-2007. Ngawo lowo nyaka yena yanikezelwa Brussels ucabange-tank isihloko "le wezinguquko enkulu e-European Union." Ngo-2008, i-Economist isibe omunye amalungu ayisishiyagalombili leqembu abayizazi athuthukiswe ayisuse imiphumela kokuntengantenga kwezimali emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-2016 Balcerowicz waqokwa omele uMongameli we-Ukraine, iKhabhinethi of Izikhonzi.

Ingqikithi yalo kabusha

Ngo-1990, Poland esimweni esibucayi ojulile letindzala. Izwe waphawula ezinjengokungcoliswa nokuncipha ezingeni jikelele wokuphila, ayehle kakhulu amandla emali futhi ukwehla jikelele ekukhiqizeni. I yokukuqeda crisis kuhilela hambisa izindlela emakethe, izinguquko isakhiwo ubunikazi, uyeke monopolization komnotho, izinguquko kuwo wonke amazinga. Balcerowicz uhlelo kuhlanganisiwe:

• A Friend komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali eqine. Luhilela ekunciphiseni ekushayweni imali nokwenyuka zenzalo.
• Ukuqedwa kwesabelo sezimali. izinzuzo Iningi intela baye kukhanselwe, kanye uxhaso ukudla, amandla, izinto zokusetshenziswa nokunye. D.
• Inani ukuxegiswa. Ngaphansi kokulawula isimo yayimane nje amandla, nemithi, indawo yokuhlala kanye ezokuthutha yamanani.
• Ukusungula ngokwengxenye convertibility zloty.
• Obuqinile eqine inqubomgomo imali eyiphinda. Yayihlanganisa ukuqedwa umnyuziki indexation amaholo kanye nokusungulwa ephezulu okuqhubekayo entela.

Imiphumela

Ngo-1990, uhulumeni waqala ukusebenzisa "Ukwelapha ukushaqeka". Uxhaso wezolimo baye kukhanselwe. Uhulumeni wakwazi ukuqinisa zloty. Nokho, kwaphakama amabhizinisi imali kusilela, ukubolekisa yasebhange babé bayehluleka ngekwetimali. Ngakho-ke, waqala isimo sokuntenga komnotho ezweni yokukhiqiza. Labantu ngokushesha waqala peter phandle. Futhi labantu abangasebenzi lenyukile kakhulu. Ngakho, "Ukwelapha ukushaqeka", nakuba ibhajethi olinganiselayo futhi sesisize izithathe ukuze ixazulule leyo ayehle kakhulu amandla emali, kodwa isibe isici kule nkinga ushona. Ngakho-ke kwakungewona isinqumo ukuthambisa ke. On kabusha lokuqala umnotho, igxile azimele eyayibekwe. Kakade 1992 kwaletha izithelo zayo zokuqala.

Balcerowicz nase-Ukraine

Poland wakwazi ukunqoba ifa ukuhlela kanye nokuphathwa emnothweni ngisho ukungena European Union. Nokho, lokhu okwenzeka kuzosiza uma Ukraine? yizinguquko kwezomnotho ePoland yimpumelelo, manje bazama ukuzivumelanisa ezingokoqobo entsha. "Ukwelapha Shock" e-Ukraine laqala ngisho uhulumeni Yatsenyuk. Ngokusho Balcerowicz kwangisiza ugweme izikhathi ezinzima nakakhulu. Yena okholwa ukuthi into yokuqala udinga ukuba banake ukuthuthukiswa ezizimele. Lokhu kusho isidingo Ukususwa kwemibandela ekukhangiseni emikhulu. Okubalulekile futhi siqinise impi yokulwa nenkohlakalo. Iziphathimandla esiQondene kufanele uthole at zigcwele. In the isinyathelo esilandelayo Balcerowicz uhlongoza ubambe hryvnia sinjalo nokwehlisa kwesabelo sezimali. Ukraine kuvimbela ubuhlobo obuseduze kwamandla kanye oligarchs. Futhi lokhu sidinga kanye nekutimisela kutembusave. Enye kabusha inhlangano azimele. Ukuheha ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle lokudzingekako hhayi ukubonakala kwawo. It wakwazi ngakho ukuheha ngemali Poland. Ngakho-ke, e-Ukraine kungasebenza kuphela emnothweni wabo kazwelonke futhi ukubonisa imiphumela yangempela. Awukwazi zokwehluleka walo bafanekisela impi nezikhathi ezinzima. Abatshalizimali kudingeka Imiphumela, hhayi ziqinisekiso nesenzakalo yabo esikhathini esizayo. Ngaphambili they are, Ukraine uzothola eyayidingeka kakhulu inflow wakhe we ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle.