Kuyini cyanide? Cyanides nethonya lazo umzimba womuntu

Ngo-1945 yanyatheliswa inoveli "Cyanide ekhazimulayo" by Agatha Christie. Umseshi Kwatholakala kumnandi futhi ezithakazelisayo. Nokho, akubona bonke uyazi ukuthi akekho umuntu cyanide esinjalo asisho. Ngakho-ke yini yalolu ketshezi is nokuthi kuyithinta kanjani umzimba womuntu?

Kuyini cyanide?

Cyanide - isigaba ephezulu ukusebenza izinto, okuyinto nethonya elilimazayo emzimbeni womuntu. Ngamanye amazwi, it ushevu. ubuthi wabo kalula alichaza umthelela ongemuhle ezinye izingxenye zabo kule kwezimila yeselula. Ngebanga lalokho, lokhu kwaphazamisa wonke umzimba. Amaseli umane ziyayeka ukusebenza. Ngemva kwalokhu zomzimba ezibalulekile phezani umsebenzi, futhi kukhona isimo sokugembula sina, ngokuvamile kuyaphela ekufeni.

Ngakho-ke yini cyanide? Okokuqala, kukhona okunye ka hydrocyanic acid. Ifomula potassium cyanide ulula: KCN. Ngokokuqala ngqá le nto itholiwe ngu usokhemisi German Robert Vilgelmom Bunzenom. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi sesayensi isungule izinqubo kakhudlwana futhi yezimboni zamagama alo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1845.

Ezinye izakhiwo ndaba

Potassium cyanide kuyinto powder emhlophe nge isakhiwo crystalline. Ingqikithi kahle oncibilikayo emanzini. Ubuthi has a nephunga eyinqaba, kodwa ingazizwa mayelana 50% labantu kule planethi yethu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi cyanide potassium kuyinto ikhemikhali engazinzile. It is oxidized izixazululo equkethe glucose, bese ezingeni esanele umswakama.

Libuye akukhona okungavamile ukuba likhithike, futhi sodium cyanide. Ifomula efana: NaCN. Sodium cyanide kuyinto ngobumba olumhlophe, powder, unamathisele noma zinhlayiya hygroscopic. Ingqikithi futhi engazinzile. Ancibilikisa ngokushesha ngamanzi menthol. Ngu uqobo, sodium cyanide akuyona oluvuthayo. Nokho, uma nabo olumanzi emoyeni ejenti edonsa igesi, okuyinto oluvuthayo. Ngo omlilo sodium cyanide inike intuthu ezinobuthi futhi kuyacasula. Zingadala ubuthi sina. Futhi volatiles amafomu cyanides futhi hydrolysis.

Cyanide ezitshalweni

Kuyini cyanide waqonda. Kodwa kanjani ukuthi likhiqizwa futhi lokho? Cyanide ikhiqizwa hhayi kuphela zokwenziwa izindlela. Lezi izinto ezitholakala ngokwemvelo. Lokhu kwandisa ingozi okunoshevu ngabomu noma ngephutha. Ubuthi ingatholakala ukudla isitshalo imikhiqizo ethile. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu, kufanele wazi yonke imithombo cyanide.

Uhlu ukudla kuyingozi zihlanganisa lima ubhontshisi, alimondi umdumbula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuthi be-cyanide kuqukethwe amathambo ipheya, iplamu, ibhilikotsi, cherry, peach kanye ngisho apula. Ubuthi futhi kwenzeka kuphela kulezo zimo lapho umzimba uthola isamba ngokweqile imikhiqizo eyingozi. Engozini yilawo abantu abangenawo isici esiyingqayizivele.

Ukusetshenziswa cyanide

Cyanide izixazululo asetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi. Lezi izinto ezisetshenziswa ngokwenza ephepheni, plastic kanye nendwangu ezinye izinhlobo zawo. Ngokuvamile, isihlungu elikhona eziningi reagents ukuthi zisetshenziselwa ukubonisa izithombe. Ngo yokusansimbi esiwuhlolayo eziwasebenzisayo into ukuze bahlanze Electroplating nensimbi, kanye inyumbazana ngenxa igolide imikhando.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuthi be-cyanide isetshenziswa njengophawu igesi lihambisana nezinye izinto ngenhloso magciwane isitoreji zokusanhlamvu. ukwakhiwa zivumela ukubhubhisa namagundane.

Imiphumela emzimbeni

Ngemva contact nge-cyanide endaweni eziphilayo ivinjelwe enzyme akhethekile - oxidase cytochrome. Ngenxa yalokho, le ndwangu ulahlekelwa imali edingekayo umoya-mpilo. Lokhu kuholela ukuthuthukiswa asphyxia.

Okokuqala, izicubu hypoxia Lithinta ubuchopho. Ngenxa yalokho asathuthuka sezinzwa uhlelo ukukhubazeka. Konke lokhu kuholela okusheshayo ukufa. Ngokuqondene izimpawu ubuthi, zivela cishe ngokuphazima kweso.

Kobukhulu isiguli kuncike ngokuyinhloko indlela lapho ubuthi kwaba emzimbeni. Ngemva ephefumula ka evala futhi amagesi ubuthi kwenzeka ngokuphazima kweso. cyanide Akuvamile kakhulu lingena ngokusebenzisa isikhumba kanye ipheshana emathunjini. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izimpawu ubuthi ingavela kancane kancane.

Uma sikhombisa izimpawu ubuthi

Njengoba sekushiwo, izimpawu ubuthi nezinga izimpawu zabo zincike okuyinto indlela Ubuthi kwaba emzimbeni futhi kulokho ubuningi. Ukuze umthamo womuntu olubulala cyanide kuphela 0.1 mg / l. Ukufa kwenzeka ngaphansi kwehora. Uma umzimba eseke 0.12-0.15 mg / L, umuntu efa ngaphakathi isigamu sehora.

Uma lokuhlushwa ezinobuthi luyanda 0.2 mg, ukufa kwenzeka ngaphakathi imizuzu 10. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umuntu uyakwazi ukumelana cyanide ubuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Lokhu kungenzeka uma lokuhlushwa le into enobuthi ingeqi 0.55 mg / l hhayi ushevu kuthinta ngomzuzu angaphezu kwelilodwa.

Uma-cyanide wangena emzimbeni kanye igesi, izimpawu kuyagcinwa ngemva ambalwa. Uma into enobuthi kuya esiswini, isithombe emtholampilo eba emva kwamaminithi ambalwa.

Izimpawu eyinhloko ubuthi

Cyanide - ushevu kuyokwenzeka ngokushesha nje lapho wangena emzimbeni womuntu. Ngezinye ebulilini chemical ejenti izimpawu ubuthi avele ngokushesha. Nazi izici eziyinhloko:

1. Okokuqala, isisulu ilahlekelwa ukwazi.
2. Kweso kufika zokuphefumula uhlelo ukukhubazeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisipha yenhliziyo ivinjelwe.
3. Ukufa.

Nge imithamo emincane izimpawu zibonakala kancane kancane:

1. Ukuze esigabeni sokuqala-cyanide ubuthi libhekene isiyezi, ubuhlungu bekhanda oyingozi futhi elikhula ngokushesha, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo kanye ukuphefumula, umuzwa wobukhulu ku iyizingxenye frontal, nje hawu igazi ekhanda.
2. Eyesibili isinyathelo - iphika. Ngakho ukuphefumula kuba ezinomsindo, ezijulile futhi ezingavamile. Pulse kuyehla at isisulu, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, abafundi uvuleke.
3. Ngesikhathi sigaba esilandelayo, umuntu ulahlekelwa ukwazi. Ngokuvamile zibe tetanic kubangele spasm kwemisipha masticatory, okungaveza ngolimi okuhlabayo.
4. Esigabeni esilandelayo - ukukhubazeka. Isisulu ilahlekelwa hhayi kuphela ingqondo, kodwa futhi ukuzwela. Ukuphefumula ivelakancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka sokuzikhulula okungalindelekile futhi ukuchama. Uma ungenalo isisulu usizo lokuqala, umsebenzi inhliziyo uyama futhi ukufa ensues.

Ekupheleni

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi lokho cyanide, nokuthi kuyithinta kanjani umzimba womuntu. Maye, lokhu akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi eyayisetshenziswa izinjongo zokuthula. Hydrogen cyanide ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, wayeyilungu le gesi ushevu ngokuthi "Zyklon B". Lezi izikhali ziye zasetshenziswa kakhulu amabutho aseJalimane. Kukhona umbono ukuthi igesi ushevu lalisetshenziswa 1980 phakathi nempi phakathi Iran nase-Iraq.