Amagciwane - non-yeselula eziphilayo. amafomu Life: non-yeselula kanye neselula

Zonke izinto eziphilayo yakhiwa amaseli - iyunithi kulencane kwesakhiwo obusebenzayo isakhiwo. Kodwa kukhona izinhlobo ze-non-yeselula zokuphila: amagciwane bacteriophages. Yiziphi izici isakhiwo wabavumela ukuba ithathe indawo yayo uyakufanelekela phakathi imibuso nemvelo? Ake ukuthola kabanzi.

Amagciwane - amafomu non-yeselula zokuphila

Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi igama lesiGreki elisho la magciwane ngokuvamile lihunyushwa ngokuthi "ushevu." Lena akukho ngozi. I nqunu iso wawungakaze ubabone, kodwa cishe bonke waqhubekela ngokwabo ithonya labo. Phela, izimpawu zomkhuhlane ebusika kokungqongqoza emzini wethu ngaphandle kokubuza.

Manje sibizwa ngokuthi igciwane - non-yeselula ifomu ekuphileni. Biology zalezi zinto kuye ayikaziwa eminyaka. Kwaba ngasekupheleni physiologist Russian kwekhulu le-19 Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky wabonisa ukuthi causative ejenti izifo abaningi nje amagciwane. Ososayensi behlola isitshalo ugwayi, okuyinto ihlaselwe le KaMose ugwayi. Wathi uma ubisi ka izitshalo onesifo ukungena enempilo, kuyoba ukunqoba ke.

Isakhiwo igciwane

Kungani amagciwane - amafomu non-yeselula zokuphila? Impendulo ilula: umzimba wazo zenziwe amaseli. Kuyinto i-molecule ye-nucleic acid lizungezwe igobolondo amaprotheni - capsid. Hlukanisa DNA- namagciwane RNA-aqukethe.

Kuye izici isakhi non-yeselula amafomu ukuphila - amagciwane - zihlukaniswe elula eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka babe isakhiwo zakudala of acid nucleic namaprotheni. Isizathu sesibili ngesikhathi ingxenye inhlangano ngaphezu kwalokho enamathiselwe we ulwelwesi plasma. It ukhonza njengomdala bezinhlamvu ezengeziwe zokuzivikela.

Kungani behlala?

Ngakho, amagciwane - non-yeselula eziphilayo, akudingeki ulwelwesi evamile futhi organelles - njalo iseli izakhiwo ukuthi imisebenzi ethize. Ngu yini izimpawu babhekisela eziphilayo? Ziyakwazi inqubo zizalela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba ngaphandle umzimba aphethe, abazi ukukhombisa izimpawu zokuphila. Uma igciwane kuseli, uqala synthesize amaprotheni yabo. Uma le nqubo iqale kabusha ukucindezelwa isebenza siqu molecule amaprotheni umzimba.

amaprotheni okunobuthi ukwenza njenge-enzyme - ikhemikhali eziphila abakhuthele. Bona ukusheshisa sokudlala of acid nucleic. Ngakho, inani izinhlayiya angaphandle kwandisa, futhi siqu zamagama izinqubo zalo kumisiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, umzimba agule, njengoba inqubo ukuqala kabusha igciwane idinga amandla futhi izinto ezivela ezintweni eziphilayo iseli aphethe.

bacteriophages

Amagciwane - eziphilayo-non-kwamangqamuzana bayakwazi parasitize kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Futhi amagciwane owumphumela prokaryotic nabo bayajabula.

"Ekudleni" zalezi zinto zibizwa ngokuthi bacteriophages. Ukuze Ukungena esitokisini aphethe, babemane bafake siqu nucleic acid-molecule ayo ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi phakathi cytoplasm cell. Phakathi isigamu sehora e igciwane olulodwa akha engamakhulu igciwane izinhlayiya.

Njengoba bacteriophage ungaphakathi ubunjalo bawo? Iqiniso lokuthi leli kuyizinhlayiyana viral has receptor ekhethekile ukuqaphela kanye eziphilayo prokaryotic.

amagciwane faka indlela eya umzimba

Non-yeselula eziphilayo - amagciwane, kokuba isakhiwo bakudala, bayakwazi ukungena umzimba aphethe ngezindlela ezahlukene. Bona ancike izici oyiyo. Ngoba umuntu ovamile futhi abaningi balaba kuba sisemoyeni endleleni Ukungena ngokusebenzisa nolwelwesi lwamafinyila, ukudla namanzi kwakuseduze.

Vector izifo eziyingozi ezifana encephalitis, i-yellow fever, zamukelwa. Kulokhu, amakhizane omiyane, ngokulandelana. Phakathi sexual ukutheleleka kungenzeka nge-hepatitis B no-C, i-HIV ne-herpes.

Imvelo okwandile amagciwane zokuthelela izitshalo kanye isikhunta. Penetration zalezi zinto kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa izindawo umonakalo e odongeni cell.

Isici esibalulekile salo amagciwane kuyinto selectivity yabo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlayiya ukuthi hit indoda, musa kuthinte nezitshalo eziphilayo webhaktheriya, kanye okuphambene nalokho.

Amagciwane: inzuzo noma ilimaze

Iyiphi inzuzo kungaletha la magciwane uma kubangele ingozi izifo ezibulalayo: amarabi, umkhuhlane, ingxibongo, nabanye. Iqiniso ukuthi igciwane - amafomu non-yeselula zokuphila - ifomu amasosha omzimba. Lo mqondo libhekisela ikhono i umzimba ukuze simelane izifo. Amasosha omzimba kuba azalwa naso, okumelelwe amasosha omzimba igazi kuluthola.

Kugcine sehlukaniswe zemvelo kanye yokufakelwa. Ngo ngokudlulisela imemori kwezifo ezithathelwanayo izinhlayiya viral uhlala emangqamuzaneni akhethekile igazi - omzimba. contact okuphindaphindayo eziphilayo alien bayalibona igciwane ulichithe ngu ukugaya intracellular - phagocytosis. amasosha omzimba Artificial lutholwa ngenxa yokugoma. essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi umzimba womuntu ungakwazi ukungena igciwane buthaka kanye namasosha omzimba aqale ukubhekana naso, ukwakha inkumbulo mzimba.

Ngenxa amafomu ahlukene omzimba umzimba kugcina ubungqabavu yayo kusukela umoya kuqala ingane kukho konke ukuphila. Njalo ngeminithi egazini ingena sebuningini izinhlayiya ezibangelwa amagciwane. Uma inani amasosha omzimba kumanele nokubhujiswa kwabo okuphelele, umuntu enempilo. Lesi sifo kwenzeka kwelinye icala lapho izinhlayiyana viral yibona kanye nemithombo yolwazi kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni akwanele ukuba sinikele kubo bathi akunangozi neze.

ukuphila Non-yeselula amafomu - amagciwane phages - ezimela ngabanye imibuso nemvelo, othiwa Vira. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, umsebenzi oyinhloko epidemiologists ukudala ngemigomo emisha ngokumelene eziningi eziyingozi izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Iqiniso liwukuthi enqubeni self-inhlangano ka kuguquka kanye kumiswa amagciwane amasha. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene HIV ukuthi ithelela izivikeli mzimba kakhulu, okwenza umzimba ukuzivikela ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuyinkinga enkulu ngoba isayensi yesimanje. Sithemba ukuthi kuyoba ukuxazululwa esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.