Bala konke kungenzeka. tincenye combinatorics

kudivayisi emhlabeni kusikisela ukuba khona okunhlobonhlobo imicimbi kanye izinto. Ngesikhathi esifanayo isayensi kufakazela ukuthi ngesisekelo le nsada iqoqo inombolo ethile izingxenye. Ixhuma ngeluhlelo lolwehlukile, lezi amabhlogo asisekelo ezakhiwe yezakhiwo kwezwe elisizungezile. Ucwaningo, ngenani labo bonke ezahlukeneyo okungenzeka inhlanganisela izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ezihilelekile izibalo, ikakhulukazi esigabeni yayo ngokuthi combinatorics.

Ngakho, njengezinto cwaningo amagugu ngokuqhubekayo samukelwa, sebuningini (permutations, inhlanganisela, ukudluliswa kanye nokubekwa izici) nezimo zengqondo kubo (oda ngokuzikhethela esinqunyiwe). izakhi combinatorics unokuxhumeka obuseduze geometry ne-Aljibhra, they cishe yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo izibalo imfundiso yokuziphendukela okungenzeka. Ezahlukene emikhakheni ehlukene yolwazi iwukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba sicabange ngaphandle kokusebenzisa lo mkhakha wesayensi. Igatsha ethandwa kakhulu wezibalo ezaqala ngo-physics kwezibalo, izakhi zofuzo kanye computer science.

Futhi ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe, "combinatorial" kuthatha kusuka 1666. Encwadini yakhe ethi "Inkulumo on the art combinatorial" Leibniz sezibalo yabeka isisekelo ukuqhubeka kwaleli gatsha wezibalo.

Isikhathi esining impela, ukusebenzisa igama elithi "combinatorics", ikhumbula ingxenye ebanzi lukhulu wezibalo leyehlukene, okuhlanganisa, isibonelo, imfundiso yokuziphendukela amagrafu.

Tincenye combinatorics ngokuvamile uvezwa njengesibonelo ukucupha combinatorial. Indawo, rearrangement, inhlanganisela, ukwakheka kanye ukwahlukanisa izinombolo yezingxenye esemqoka, okuyinto zitholakala samuntu izimiso yaleli gatsha wezibalo.

Ukubekwa - isethi ngaphambilini ka kwenani elithile izingxenye okuqondene isethi, ngenombolo kahle ichazwe izakhi. Permutation ngokuthi wabadonsa iqoqo izinombolo ezihleliwe izakhi. Combinatorics inhlanganisela - iqoqo esithathwe inombolo yezinto kufakwe idatha. Imisa umehluko kuphela ukuze izici, kodwa isakhiwo esifanayo, lokhu umehluko phakathi inhlanganisela nokubekwa. Isibalo inhlanganisela incike ubukhulu isethi kanye nenani izakhi ezakha iqoqo, okuyindawo zithathwa ukulungiswa wathi imodeli combinatorial.

Uma ucabangela umqondo of the ukwakheka, thatha konke njengoba umfanekiso lemali oda integers omuhle. Kodwa ukwahlukanisa ka - yiliphi fanele bono kanjani leyo mali yakhe disordered ka integers omuhle.

Tincenye combinatorics kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Ngesikhathi esifanayo enza lokho ingxenye lidlule kwanda okukhulu ukuthi unike ulwazi wemithwalo zanqwabelana kulo mkhakha ukwaba ngodonga wezibalo.

Uma ucabangela kwesigaba isiyalo enesihloko esithi "okubaliwe combinatorial" (quantifiable), ikhumbula ukudluliswa noma ubala ukucupha kungenzeka (isibonelo, permutations), okuyinto akhiwa izakhi amasethi ezilinganiselwe. Kungenzeka ukunqunywa kwezithibelo ezithile. Lezi zihlanganisa lokungabonakali noma izakhi sobala, ukuphinda isinqumo zakhi, kanjalonjalo.

Ukuze abale isibalo ukucupha, besebenzisa imithetho zasendulo kwalokho kanye ukubuyabuyelela. Tincenye combinatorics kulesi sigaba yesiyalo esetshenziswa ukuxazulula anhlobonhlobo imisebenzi ehlukahlukene.

I combinatorics kwesakhiwo wanezela eziningi nezindaba we igrafu theory, kubonisa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela matroids. Phakathi izingxenye isiyalo futhi ugqamisa combinatorics kakhulu, Ramsey theory, amathuba, yomphindwa, combinatorics infinitary.