Astronomy - kuyini? Okusho nomlando Yezinkanyezi

Mhlawumbe akayena umuntu oyedwa emhlabeni abangazange cabanga amaphuzu angazwakali twinkling esibhakabhakeni ebonakalayo ebusuku. Kungani inyanga uya emhlabeni Emhlabeni? Konke lokhu nokuningi uyafundelwa astronomy. Uyini amaplanethi, izinkanyezi, lezinkanyezi ezinomsila, uma kukhona kwelanga, futhi kungani namagagasi olwandle zenzeka - la futhi abaningi mibuzo neminye iyaphendulwa ngesayense. Ake sibheke lasungulwa nencazelo kunazo zonke esintwini.

Inchazelo nesakhiwo Isayensi

Astronomy - isayensi isakhiwo kanye umsuka kwemitimba yabohulumende yasezulwini, omakhenikha yasezulwini kanye nokuthuthukiswa yonke. Igama layo lisuselwa emagameni amabili ngesiGreki, olokuqala okusho "inkanyezi", kanti eyesibili - ". kulungiselelwa, ngokwezifiso"

Okulandelayo sizoxoxa yonke indlela ekwakhekeni lesi siyalo. Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje nentuthuko, sifaka tinkhombandlela eziningana olucacile.

Astrophysics study isakhiwo nezakhiwo izindikimba zasezulwini. Isigatshana kuba astronomy lezinkanyezi.

Mechanics Celestial uphendula imibuzo mayelana ukunyakaza kanye nokuxhumana lezinto cosmic.

Cosmogony bekulokhu umsuka kanye kwemvelo yonke.

Ngakho, namuhla, abavamile emhlabeni isayensi ngosizo ubuchwepheshe besimanje ongalinikeza endaweni yocwaningo ngalé iplanethi yethu.

Into nenjongo

Emkhathini, kuvela, kuba kakhulu ezihlukahlukene zemizimba kanye netintfo. Bonke bafunda futhi baba bakha, eqinisweni, isihloko astronomy. Umkhathi nezinkanyezi kanye amaplanethi emkhathini, lezinkanyezi ezinomsila kanye antimatter - lena kuphela wokuhamba imibuzo ephakanyiswe phambi lesi siyalo.

Okusanda kwakukhona ithuba omkhulu esisebenzayo ukuhlola umkhathi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke ukuhlola umkhathi (noma Astronautics) ngeqholo baba nganhliziyonye abacwaningi zezemfundo.

Lokhu isintu besilokhu sinephupho isikhathi eside. Le noveli yokuqala eyaziwayo - "Somnium", kulotshiwe ikota yokuqala yekhulu nesikhombisa. Kwaba kuphela ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili, abantu baye bakwazi ukubheka iplanethi yethu kusukela ngaphandle uvakashele satellite Earth - the Moon.

Izihloko Yezinkanyezi akugcini lezi zinkinga. Ngokulandelayo, sizobe ukukhuluma kabanzi.

Yini amasu asetshenziselwa ukuba baxazulule izinkinga? Esokuqala futhi eminingi yasendulo wabo - ukubukela. Izici ezilandelayo lesiRotuma kuphela. Lokhu ukuhlaziywa Spectral, izithombe, iziteshi kwethulwa Isikhala iziphuphutheki.

Izinkinga eziphathelene umsuka kanye kwemvelo yonke, izinto umuntu angase akwazi okwamanje ngokwanele wafunda. Okokuqala, akudingeki izinto ngokwanele zanqwabelana, futhi okwesibili, imizimba eminingi ikude i cwaningo olunembile.

izinhlobo kokuma

Ekuqaleni, isintu kuphela ukuziqhayisa observation ezivamile okubonakalayo kwesibhakabhaka. Kodwa le ndlela bakudala wanikeza yi omkhulu, iphuzu esizoxoxa ngalo kamuva.

Astronomy nesikhala axhunyiwe namuhla kunanini ngaphambili. Izinhloso wafunda esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bamuva elikuvumela ukuthuthukisa amagatsha amaningi isiyalo. Ake ukubazi nabo.

indlela Optical. Le nguqulo bokuqala kokuma ngeso lenyama, iqhaza omabonakude, izikophu zokubona, izibonakude. Lokhu kusebenza futhi photography ayesanda kuklanywa.

Ingxenye elandelayo liphathelene infrared ukuthola emisebeni emkhathini. Ngalo, ezintweni ezingabonakali (isib kufihlwe ngemva kwamafu okungadluli igesi) noma ukwakheka kwezindikimba zasezulwini.

Okushiwo astronomy ayikwazi overstated, ngoba unesibopho omunye wemibuzo okuphakade: savelaphi.

Izinqubo ezilandelayo zihlola yonke gamma ngemisebe, x-reyi, emisebeni yelanga ngoba.

Kukhona futhi amasu ezingenziwanga ezihlobene emisebeni kagesi. Ikakhulukazi, omunye wabo kusekelwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela neutrino-nucleus. Adonsela phansi wave umkhakha ukuhlola isikhala yokwanda lezi zenzo ezimbili.
Ngakho, izinhlobo kokuma eyaziwa ngesikhathi samanje, ukuthuthukisa kakhulu ikhono isintu ukuhlola umkhathi.

Ake sibheke inqubo ukwakheka kwale sayensi.

Umsuka futhi ekuqaleni kuka izigaba ekuthuthukiseni isayensi

Ezikhathini zasendulo, ezinsukwini zika-umphakathi bakudala, abantu base beqala nje ukuba simazi nezwe kanye nokuchaza lomkhuba. Bazama bona imini nobusuku, izinkathi zonyaka, ukuziphatha izinto ezinkulu ezingenakuqondakala, njengokuduma kwezulu, umbani, lezinkanyezi ezinomsila. Uyini Ilanga Nenyanga - futhi namanje akwaziwa ukuthi waphelelaphi kungani zibalwa kumelwe akhulekelwe njengonkulunkulu.
Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu, kakade sokuthuthwa kwempahla umbuso nesi wabapristi ku ziggurat wenza izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Babelana ukukhanya kubonakala umlaza ezikhonjwe uzazise namuhla "Leli bhande lwezinkanyezi" ziye zasungula ikhalenda kwenyanga ehlanganisa izinyanga nantathu. Baye wavula "umjikelezo Metonic", nakuba kancane ngaye ngenhla wenza amaShayina.

AmaGibhithe aqhubeka futhi lujule cwaningo mayelana nezinto zasemkhathini. Baze bezazisa isimo esimangalisayo. UMfula iNayile is bevalela ekuqaleni kwehlobo, nje kulokhu emkhathizwe siqala ukuvela inkanyezi Sirius, okuyinto kwakufihlwe nezinyanga zasebusika isibhakabhaka omunye Nenkabazwe.

EGibhithe, okokuqala waqala ukuhlukanisa kosuku lube amahora angu-24. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwesonto babenesifiso usuku eziyishumi, okungukuthi, ngenyanga lalinabashumayeli amashumi amathathu eminyaka.

Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kunakho konke izazi zasendulo zezinkanyezi lithole e China. Lapha cishe wakwazi ukubala ngokunembile ubude ngonyaka, kungenzeka ukubikezela ukusitheka kwelanga nokwenyanga, ilondoloza amarekhodi lezinkanyezi ezinomsila, sunspots kanye nezinye izenzakalo engavamile. Ekupheleni enkulungwaneni yesibili yeminyaka BC avele Observatory kuqala.

isikhathi endulo

Umlando yezinkanyezi ukuqonda kwethu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle nemilaza isiGreki ngokuya Mechanics yasezulwini. Nakuba ekuqaleni kwamaGreki kakhulu okungalungile, kodwa ekugcineni bakwazi ukwenza observation anembile ngempela. Iphutha, isibonelo, sasihlanganisa yokuthi livela ekuseni kusihlwa Venus ayebheka izinto ezimbili ezahlukene.

Eyokuqala, ngubani wayegxila kule ndawo yolwazi, babe Pythagoreans. Babazi ukuthi izitha zakhe Earth indilinga, imini nobusuku esikhundleni, ngoba uzungeza kuma-axis awo.

Nokho-Aristotle wakwazi ukubala obungazungeza iplanethi, wenza iphutha ngendlela enkulu kabili, kodwa ngokunemba isikhathi yayiphezulu. Hipparchus wakwazi ukubala ubude nyaka, mina sethule enjalo imiqondo ezindawo ezifana nobude. amatafula babhala ukusitheka kwelanga nokwenyanga. Ngokusho kwakhe kwakunokwenzeka ukubikezela kulezi zinkanyezi kufika emahoreni amabili. ukufunda kusukela ababikezeli bezulu zethu ngo-ke!

inkanyiso Popular zezwe lasendulo kwaba Klavdiy Ptolemey. Igama umlando usosayensi astronomy wasigcina kuze kube phakade. Iphutha Ehlakaniphile, kuchazwa ukuthuthukiswa eside lesintu. Akabanga umbono wokuthi Earth ku nendawo emkhathini, futhi zonke izindikimba zasezulwini kwakugxile kuwo. Ngenxa ubuKristu nenkani, esikhundleni ezweni lamaRoma, eziningi isayensi ilahliwe, ezifana ukufunda izinkanyezi, futhi. Kuyini i-Milky Way , futhi siyini obungazungeza Earth, akekho ngangithanda kakhulu bephikisana ngokuthi zingaki izingelosi lizokwenyuka ngokusebenzisa imbobo yenaliti. uhlelo Ngakho geocentric zomhlaba ngoba emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka kwaba iqiniso elithile.

Astronomy Indian

Ama-Inca kubhekwe esibhakabhakeni ngendlela ehlukile kancane ukwedlula zonke ezinye izizwe. Uma siphendukela eside, ukuthi ukufunda izinkanyezi - isayensi tenhlangano izakhiwo izindikimba zasezulwini. AmaNdiya lokhu wezizwe wokuqala sikude futhi kakhulu ohlonishwayo "Umfula Omkhulu Wezulu" - Milky Way. Emhlabeni, kwaba phambili Vilcanota - umfula oyinhloko ngasemzini Cusco - inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso wase-Inca. Kukholakala ukuthi ilanga, uya entshonalanga, ocwilayo phansi emfuleni futhi sekudlule esempumalanga esibhakabhakeni.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi Inca lalihlukene elandelayo amaplanethi - Moon, Jupiter, Saturn kanye Venus, ngaphandle izibonakude wenza kokuma ezingase ukuphinda uGalileo usebenzisa yokukhanya kuphela.

Observatory bebelokhu nezinsika eziyishumi nambili, okuyinto yayisezintabeni entabeni eseduze enhlokodolobha. Asiza ukuchaza isikhundla kwelanga nezinkathi fixed, izinyanga.

Maya, ngokungafani kuya Inca, ithuthukiswe ngokujulile ulwazi. Kwenqwaba kwalowo astronomy ukutadisha namuhla, wayaziwa kubo. Benza ukubala olunembile kakhulu isikhathi konyaka, ngenyanga ehlukaniswa amasonto amabili izinsuku nantathu of. Ukuqala umlando sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi 3113 BC.

Ngakho, siyabona ukuthi endulo, futhi phakathi kwezizwe zakwa "ngowezizwe", eyayibhekwa njengefanele kube baseYurophu "ophucukile", cwaningo astronomy kwaba ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Ake sibone, yini siziqhayise eYurophu ngemva kokuwa uthi lasendulo.

Ephakathi

Ngenxa yentshiseko ka eNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki ngo ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi futhi ukuthuthukiswa ezibuthakathaka zakwa-zisandakuqala lesi sikhathi, abaningi isayensi Ngahlehla. Uma endulo abantu base bazi ukuthi ukutadisha ukufunda izinkanyezi, futhi abaningi banesithakazelo ulwazi olunje, Ephakathi baba imfundiso esithuthuke kabanzana. Ukuze izingxoxo ukuthi umhlaba nxazonke nokuthi ilanga imaphakathi, kwakunokwenzeka ukuba ashise esigxotsheni. Lawo mazwi babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli ukuhlambalaza, futhi abantu babehlakazeka ngokuthi izihlubuki.

Imvuselelo, Isimanga siwukuthi, wafika evela e-impumalanga izintaba zasePyrenees. Ama-Arabhu alethwe Catalonia ulwazi ukulondolozwa okhokho babo kusukela esikhathini Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

Ngo ngekhulu nanhlanu ngu Cardinal waseCusa waveza umbono wokuthi yonke akupheli, futhi uPtolemy okungalungile. La mazwi kwakufanele ahlambalazayo, kodwa kakhulu ngaphambi kwesikhathi babo. Ngakho-ke, basuke kubhekwe umbhedo.

Kodwa intuthuko benza uCopernicus, ngubani ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, wanquma ukushicilela ukutadisha ngokuphila kwakhe. Akabanga ukuthi maphakathi yiyona Sun Nomhlaba futhi kwamanye amaplanethi singaxoxi ke.

iplanethi

Lokhu izindikimba zasezulwini ukuthi ilingise nomjikelezo wawo emkhathini. Igama befika kusukela lesiGreki "isihambi." Kungani becabanga kanjalo? Ngenxa yokuthi abantu lasendulo, kodwa babebonakala bengatholi izinkanyezi abajikelezayo. Konke okunye ezindaweni evamile, futhi ukuhambisa nsuku zonke.

Uyini umehluko kusuka kwamanye izinto zihambe kahle endaweni yonke? Okokuqala, amaplanethi sincane ngokwanele. ubungako bawo ikuvumela ukusula indlela kwakho planetesimals nenye imfucuza, kodwa akwanele ukuqala Fusion zenuzi, like inkanyezi.

Okwesibili, ngenxa isisindo sabo, bathola ukuma oyindilinga, futhi akha surface obukhulu ngokwayo ngenxa izinqubo ezithile. Okwesithathu, iplanethi ngokuvamile ukujikeleza uhlelo oluthile emhlabeni inkanyezi noma izinsalela zayo.

abantu basendulo babekholelwa lezi zindikimba "izithunywa" yasezulwini bakhuleke konkulunkulu noma polubozhestvami, esicongweni ngaphansana, bathi, inyanga noma ilanga.

Kwabe sekulandela inkathi "le Ptolemaic umbono wezwe." Kuleli khulu, kukholakala ukuthi wonke amaplanethi nezinye izinto azungeza Emhlabeni, futhi, esikhundleni salokho, esikhungweni universe.

Kuphela uGalileo Galiley okokuqala ngosizo nokubona isibonakude lokuqala wakwazi ukuphetha ngokuthi, ohlelweni lwethu, zonke izidumbu hamba omise uzungeza ilanga. Ukuze eye yena wayehlushwa isifo iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki ukuthulisa kuye. Kodwa kunjalo kwaqhubeka.

Ngu definition, obonwa iningi namuhla, iplanethi wacabanga ngomzimba kuphela mass esanele orbit inkanyezi. Konke okunye - kungcono iziphuphutheki, asteroyidi nokuningi. Kusukela umbono ibalula isayensi kulezi uchungechunge ungapheli.

Ngakho, isikhathi lapho iplanethi kwenza umbuthano egcwele ngaphakathi wo orbit emhlabeni inkanyezi, ngokuthi ngonyaka kwamaplanethi. Indawo abaseduze esendleleni eya inkanyezi - ke periastron futhi ibanga - apoastron.

Into yesibili ukuthi kubalulekile ukwazi amaplanethi, baye esitshekile-eksisi ngokuhlobene orbit. Ngenxa yalesi Nenkabazwe phakathi ukujikeleza ukuthola amanani angalingani ukukhanya kwemisebe izinkanyezi. Ngakho kukhona ushintsho zonyaka, isikhathi sosuku, izwe eliye kwakhiwa futhi izingxenye zezulu.

Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi iplanethi ngaphandle endleleni yayo emhlabeni inkanyezi (ngoba ngonyaka), namanje singaxoxi axis awo. Kulokhu, indingilizi egcwele ubizwa ngokuthi "usuku."
Isici zokugcina zalesi nendikimba ethile esemkhathini - kuba orbit okumsulwa. Ukuze ukusebenza evamile iplanethi kufanele kube endleleni, lapho sibhekene ezihlukahlukene izinto ezincane, ubhubhise konke "izimbangi" futhi ukuhamba kuvelela.

Ezisesimisweni sethu sikanozungezilanga kukhona iplanethi. Astronomy has zonke abayisishiyagalombili. Ezine zokuqala ezihlobana ngayo "eliwumhlaba" - Mercury, Venus, uMhlaba, Mars. Abanye zihlukaniswe igesi (Jupiter, Saturn) neqhwa (Uranium, Neptune) imidondoshiya.

inkanyezi

Sibona kubo njalo ebusuku esibhakabhakeni. Black ensimini, oluneziqhingi amachashazi shiny. Bakha amaqembu ngokuthi imilaza. Nokho lutho behlonipha yabo ngokuthi isayensi - astronomy. Uyini "inkanyezi"?

Ososayensi bathi ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama ezingeni kahle abantu ungabona izinto ayizinkulungwane ezintathu zasezulwini ngayinye ama-.
Bebelokhu bakhangwa ubuntu babo kulokoza futhi "ukuhamba ekuseni" raison d'être. Ake sibheke kabanzi.

Ngakho, inkanyezi - yasemanzini omkhulu igesi, abanye ngefu kwabantu sezingeni eliphezulu. Ngaphakathi Kuyothi noma iphutha ukuphendula ngaphambilini iArmagedoni. IMisa izinto ezifanayo ebavumela ukuba balolonge ngokwabo emhlabeni uhlelo.

Ekuhloleni lezi zindikimba cosmic, ososayensi baye bathola izindlela eziningana ukuze uhlukanise. Mhlawumbe usuke wezwa "dwarfs elibomvu", "imidondoshiya elimhlophe" nezinye 'abakhileyo "universe. Ngakho, namuhla omunye ngeengaba enemisebenzi kakhulu - typology we Morgan-Keenan.

Luhilela sokuhlukanisa izinkanyezi nokubaluleka bohlu. amaqembu Ukuba zibizwa izinhlamvu zamagama Latin: O, B, A, F, G, K, M Ngakho uqonde kancane ngakho futhi uthole yekucala, Sun, ngokusho lokhu ngezigaba, iwela iqembu «G».

akazange lezi zidlakela Nivelaphi? Basuke kwakhiwa igesi ezivamile kunawo wonke endaweni yonke - le hydrogen ne-helium, kanye adonsela phansi kokucindezelwa inzuzo ngenxa ukuma yokugcina nesisindo.

Inkanyezi yethu - ilanga eseduze nathi - Proxima Centauri. Itholakala uhlelo Alpha Centauri futhi ivela kithi at ibanga 270 000 ibanga kusuka Earth ilanga. Futhi mayelana 39 isigidintathu amakhilomitha.

Ngokuvamile, bonke izinkanyezi kulinganiswa ngokuhambisana Sun (isisindo sabo, usayizi, ukukhazimula bohlu). Ibanga letintfo kubhekwa eminyakeni ukukhanya noma parsecs. Kugcine ungukukhanya-eminyakeni engaba ngu-3,26 noma 30.850.000.000.000 amakhilomitha.

izazi zezinkanyezi Amateur Yiqiniso, kudingeka wazi futhi uqonde lezi zibalo.
Izinkanyezi, efana nakho konke okunye ezweni lethu, indawo yonke, bazalwa, ukuthuthukisa bese kwenzeka sifa, ecaleni - aqhume. Ngokwe-Harvard esikalini, ehlatshwa kanye nomkhakha kusukela blue (abasha) ibe bomvu (ubudala). Ilanga Lethu libhekisela ophuzi, okusho "uyeza ubudala".

Kukhona futhi dwarfs ensundu ezimhlophe, imidondoshiya obomvu, izinkanyezi variable, nezinye subtypes eziningi. Ahluke amazinga ngezinto ezihlukahlukene. Phela, ngenxa amandla omlilo of izinto ezahlukene Fusion ukusabela kungaba ukukala bohlu yokukhishwa kwemisebe.

Kukhona futhi amagama "omusha", "Supernova" futhi "Hypernova". Lezi imiqondo kungukuthi ngokuphelele kubonakala kula magama. Izinkanyezi - nje ubudala, ikakhulukazi uphela khona yayo ukuqhuma. Futhi la mazwi asho nje lokho ebona ngesikhathi wokugoqa kuphela, ngaphambi kokuba fixed ngokuphelele ngisho ngezibonakude engcono.

Uma ubheka isibhakabhaka eMhlabeni, leli qoqo kuyabonakala. abantu sidilizwa wabanika amagama, ukuthi waqamba ngazo ezinganekwaneni zafakwa konkulunkulu babo namaqhawe. Namuhla, siyazi amagama ezifana Pleiades, Cassiopeia, Pegasus, beza kithi kusukela kwamaGreki asendulo kwezempi.

Nokho, namuhla, ososayensi abelwe izinhlelo lezinkanyezi. Kalula nje, ake sithi sibona isibhakabhaka akusilo elilodwa ilanga, kodwa ababili, abathathu noma ngaphezulu. Ngakho, kukhona amaqoqo double, kathathu futhi inkanyezi (lapho ukukhanyisa ngaphezulu).

Okulandelayo sizofunda izifundo ezithile izikhathi funny, okuyinto uhlola astronomy esisebenzayo. Kuyini fashion emkhathini, kanye nezinye amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo - ngalokhu ngezansi.

amaqiniso ethakazelisayo

Planet ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, ezifana ibanga kusuka inkanyezi ungakwazi 'ashiye' in the evulekile. Ngo astronomy lesi simanga ibizwa ngokuthi "iplanethi elinamandla". Nakuba ososayensi abaningi zisaphikelela ukuthi lokhu protostar.

Kuvele isici esithakazelisayo esibhakabhakeni wukuthi eqinisweni kungenjalo, njengoba siwubona. izindawo eziningi Sekuyisikhathi eside yamila, futhi ababange besaba khona, kodwa kukhona kude ukuthi usabona ukukhanya flash.

Okusanda kwakukhona imfashini okwandile ukuthola emkhathini. Unquma kanjani ukuthi ngaphambi kokuthi: itshe, noma ungumfokazi, osezulwini. Lo mbuzo uphendulwa astronomy kuyajabulisa.

Meteorite sokuqala luthe ukuqina, kanti ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho izinto iningi imvelaphi eliwumhlaba. Ngenxa okuqukethwe yensimbi, it has izakhiwo kazibuthe. Futhi yasezulwini into Kwamanzi reflowed njengoba ngesikhathi sokuwa, ahlupheka umthwalo ezinkulu ezishisayo ngenxa friction nge emkhathini woMhlaba.

Sibukeze amaphuzu ayinhloko wesayensi ezifana nesayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi. Yiziphi izinkanyezi namaplanethi, umlando kumiswa isiyalo futhi abanye amaqiniso kumnandi ozifundile isihloko.