Izinhlobo eziwuketshezi. Izinhlobo izixazululo nge lokuhlushwa

Nosimende - liqukethe izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu mass homogeneous noma ingxube lapho unesimo osebenza njengokuvimbelayo kuphela, kanye nezinye - njengoba izinhlayiya encibilikayo.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma Lokudabuka ukwelashwa izixazululo: zamakhemikhali, okuyinto umsunguli Mendeleev D. I. nangokomzimba, ehlongozwayo ngu-physics German futhi Swiss Ostwald futhi Arrhenius. Ngokusho nokuchazwa Mendeleev, izingxenye kuphela futhi solute baba abahlanganyeli yokusabela chemical ukwakha compounds ncenye efanayo noma izinhlayiya oluyingozi.

Physical theory efanayo ophika nokuxhumana chemical phakathi molecule izinto kuphela futhi wavala, echaza inqubo kumiswa uketshezi njengoba iyunifomu ukusatshalaliswa izinhlayiya (amangqamuzana, ion) phakathi zesandulela uketshezi ancibilikisa ketshezi ngenxa imihlola ngokomzimba ngokuthi ukwanda okusheshayo.

Ukwahlukanisa izixazululo ngokuvumelana nezimfuno ehlukahlukene

Njengamanje alukho uhlelo umfaniswano ngezigaba izixazululo, kodwa-ke, izinhlobo okunemibandela izixazululo angaqoqwa ezicini ezibaluleke kakhulu, okuyilezi:

Mina) Njengoba aggregate isimo secrete: okuqinile, gaseous nezisombululo ketshezi.

II) Usayizi izinhlayiya solute: colloidal yangempela.

III) Ngokwe-degree of kuyizinhlayiyana lokuhlushwa izinto ziyoncibilika isixazululo: ayegcwele, unsaturated, bagxila, buhlanjululwe.

IV) ngu ikhono ukuqhuba kagesi: electrolyte kanye non-electrolyte.

V) ngu inhloso isicelo amasimu: zamakhemikhali, zezokwelapha, ukwakhiwa, izixazululo ekhethekile, kanye nabanye.

Amafomu izixazululo esimweni aggregate

Ukwahlukanisa izixazululo of aggregation uketshezi eziqukethwe obanzi amagugu eside. Kuthathwa izixazululo izidakamizwa liquid (futhi solute bangase benze njengokungathi isici okuluketshezi noma okuqinile), kodwa ucabangela iqiniso lokuthi isixazululo - a system eyohlobo compounds ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, kunengqondo ukuba aqaphele futhi izixazululo okuqinile, futhi gaseous. izixazululo Solid ubhekwa nenye, isib, izinsimbi eziningana, owaziwa kakhulu colloquially njengoba Alloys. Gaseous zinhlobo izixazululo - inhlanganisela amagesi eziningana, isibonelo - emoyeni ambient kithi, okumelelwe njengoba kwakwakhe umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen ne-carbon dioxide.

Solutions ngokwendlela ubukhulu izinhlayiya ziyoncibilika

Izinhlobo izixazululo ziyoncibilika izinhlayiya obujwayelekile zihlanganisa kweqiniso (ezivamile) izixazululo futhi izinhlelo colloidal. Kweqiniso izixazululo solute lihlukaniseka molecule ezincane noma ama-athomu kuya esondele ubukhulu yezinhlayiya kuphela. Ngakho izinhlobo kwekhambi leqiniso kubuyise izakhiwo yokuqala uketshezi, waliguqula kancane kuphela ngaphansi kwethonya physico-chemical izakhiwo element anezela kukho. Isib by Ukuqedwa usawoti emanzini noma ushukela namanzi uhlala isimo efanayo aggregation ukuvumelana okufanayo, cishe nombala ofanayo, ukushintsha ukunambitheka kwalo kuphela.

izixazululo colloidal sihluke ezivamile kulelo isengezo ingxenye akuyona ukubola ngokuphelele, ngenkathi sigcina yezinhlayiya eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi compounds okuyinto idlule kakhulu izilinganiso izinhlayiya kuphela, beyizidlova value 1 nanometer.

Izinhlobo izixazululo nge lokuhlushwa

Inani elifanayo kuphela kungenziwa wanezela amanani angalingani solute isici, okukhiphayo kuyodingeka izixazululo ne lokuhlala ehlukene. Sibala kwamasonto ayinhloko:

1. izixazululo te zinezikhathi ngezinga elithile solubility efana lapho ingxenye solute ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa njalo futhi ingcindezi ayisekho disintegrates ku kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana molecule ikhambi ifinyelela esigabeni zilingana. izixazululo te futhi zingahlukaniswa zibe ugxilisa lapho lo ingxenyenamba mass izingxenye ziyoncibilika ifaniswe ne kuphela, futhi buhlanjululwe lapho solute izikhathi eziningana kancane kuphela.
2. Unsaturated - lezo zixazululo lapho solute usengakwazi iba yingxenye yomhlabathi ku izinhlayiya ezincane.
3. izixazululo Supersaturated etholakala uma ushintsha imingcele ukuthonya zici (lokushisa, ingcindezi), okuholela esiqhubekayo "kwasani" ketshezi ziyoncibilika, ke siba sikhulu kunesijeziso ngaphansi evamile (evamile) izimo.

Electrolyte kanye non-electrolyte

izinto ezithile e isixazululo Nqamula ku ion uyakwazi kokuqhuba kagesi. izinhlelo ezinjalo eyohlobo abizwa ngokuthi electrolyte. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa acid, nosawoti kakhulu. A izixazululo ngaphandle kokuqhuba kagesi, ukubizwa ngokuthi non-electrolyte (cishe zonke organic compounds).

Amaqembu izixazululo okuhloswe

I izixazululo azinakusilela zonke imikhakha yezomnotho, imininingwane okwadala zalezi zinhlobo izixazululo ekhethekile, njengemishado yezokwelapha, ukwakhiwa, amakhemikhali, nabanye.

izixazululo Nemithi - inhlanganisela yemithi ngesimo yokugcoba, ukumiswa, ayo, izixazululo ukumnika kanye umjovo, nezinye izinhlobo Isikali isetshenziselwe izinjongo kwezokwelapha for ekwelapheni kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezifo ezihlukahlukene.

Izinhlobo izixazululo chemical zihlanganisa inqwaba compounds eyohlobo elisetshenziswa zamakhemikhali: nosawoti acid. Lezi zixazululo kungenzeka organic noma wezinto ezingaphili, amanzi (amanzi olwandle) noma anhydrous (okusekelwe-benzene, acetone nokunye. D.), Liquid (vodka) noma okuqinile (zethusi). Baye bathola isicelo sabo emikhakheni eyehlukene yomnotho kazwelonke: zamakhemikhali, ukudla, zendwangu umkhakha.

Izinhlobo izigqulo kuhluke ukungaguquguquki viscous kanye obukhulu, yingakho kuyafaneleka okuningi kwesihloko ukuxubana.

Ngenxa yekhono layo ukuze ngokushesha eqinisa, ayesebenzisa ngempumelelo njengendlela yokuhlanganisa ngoba wokwakha izindonga, Uphahla lwangaphakathi, ukusekela izakhiwo, kanye ngokuba imisebenzi yokuqedela. izixazululo aqueous, ngokuvamile emithathu ingxenye (usimende kuphela mshini ezahlukene yamathebhu) esisetshenziselwa njengoba yamathebhu isihlabathi, ubumba, amatshe, umcako, Gypsum nezinye izinto zokwakha.