Electron Mass - umphini ezibizayo futhi encane

Uma offhand ukubuza abantu 100 ukuqamba izinhlayiya okungenani ezintathu ezaziwayo aphansi, kungenzeka ukuthi akuwona wonke umuntu Uyobiza zonke ezintathu, kodwa akekho umuntu ukhohliwe ukubiza iqhawe udumo - electron. Omncinyane, akhanya phakathi icala ethwele kuyizinhlayiyana, ukuyo yonke indawo ... futhi, ngeshwa, "omubi", nguye ilungu iyiphi into emhlabeni futhi ube ewufanele ukuphathwa ngendlela ekhethekile. Igama izinhlayiya umsuka eGrisi lasendulo kusukela igama lesiGreki elisho "amber" - impahla ukuthi isithandwa ngekhono layo lasendulo ukuheha nokugcina izinto ezincane. Khona-ke, lapho ekutadisheni ugesi yazuza zisabalele, igama elithi "ama-electron" kufikile kusho indivisible, futhi kungakho iyunithi kulencane kwenkokhelo.

Ukuphila okuphakade electron njengengxenye yaleso ndaba, wanika iqembu zesayensi eholwa John. Dzh.Tomsonom. Ngo-1897 ayaphenya cathode imisebe elichazwa ngokuthi electronic mass-to-icala kweqiniso, futhi sathola ukuthi le isilinganiso akuxhomekile okokusebenza cathode. Isinyathelo esilandelayo nolwazi ubunjalo electron wenza Becquerel ngo-1900 Ngo-experiment yakhe, kwakutholakala ukuthi imisebe Radium beta nazo baphambukile e inkambu kagesi, futhi yabo mass-to-icala isilinganiso ilingane imisebe cathode. Kwaba ubufakazi obungenakuphikwa bokuthi electron - "kuyinto ucezu ezimele" athomu kwanoma iyiphi imfuyo. Futhi ngaleso sikhathi, ngo-1909, uRobert Millikan ekuhlolweni nge amaconsi uwoyela eyawela emkhakheni kagesi, wakwazi ukukala amandla kagesi okuyinto kubhalansisa amandla adonsela phansi. Khona-ke kwaziwa ukubaluleka kwengosi kuba aphansi, okusho kokuncane kunakho konke, icala:

eo = - 1,602176487 (49) * 10-19 kl.

Lokho kwakwanele ukuba electron inhlama ibalwa:

kimi = 9,10938215 (15) * 10-31kg.

Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi manje oda wonke, kodwa kwakumane kuyisiqalo of indlela eside nolwazi ubunjalo electron.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside stalemate physics ke nokho ukuba zigunyazwe, kodwa ugomela uqobo imvelo ezimbili abami electron: impahla yayo quantum mechanical likhombisa kuyizinhlayiyana, futhi lapho kwenziwa ukuhlola kwi ukuphazamiseka of electron imishayo ngezingodo ayangena parallel wabonakaliswa wave imvelo. Okwamanje weqiniso lafika ngo-1924, lapho de Broglie waqale wanika zonke izinto, futhi i-electron futhi, amagagasi, ngegama lakhe, futhi eminyakeni 3 Pauli igcwaliswe kumiswa nemiqondo eyisisekelo quantum Mechanics echaza ubunjalo quantum izinhlayiya. Khona-ke, ithuba Erwin Schrödinger noPawulu Dirac - iphelelisane nomunye, bathola zibalo ukuchaza okushiwo electron lapho mass electron futhi Planck sika njalo, amagugu quantum kubonakala ngiyontengantenga izici ngokusebenzisa - imvamisa futhi nombono.

Yiqiniso, lokhu ukuziphikisa izinhlayiya aphansi kwaba nemiphumela efinyelela kude kangaka. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwaba sobala ukuthi izimfanelo electron khulula kuyinto into (njengesibonelo - imisebe cathode) - akuyona into efanayo-electron ngesimo i kagesi kuleli crystal. Ukuze uthole ama-electron mahhala, isisindo salo njengoba laziwa "mass electron." Imvelo ngokomzimba electron mass umehluko ngaphansi kwezimo ezihluke kulandela kusukela lokuthi amandla kwawo kuxhomeke kulokho ukugcwaliswa kazibuthe isikhala lapho ihamba. Deeper "disassembly" abonisa ukuthi amandla kazibuthe ezihambayo electron umqhubi, kunalokho, ukugeleza samanje impahla, akuxhomekile ubukhulu abathwali inkokhiso, isisindo yalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-magnetic field amandla kwabantu ilingana kwabantu energy kinetic amacala ezihambayo, kuyilapho ukukhula mandla empeleni alingana kwanyuka of abathwali kwenkokhiso, ngokuthi "mass ngempumelelo". Analytically liye kunquma ukuthi ingaphezu electron khulula mass izikhathi / 2λ, lapho - ibanga phakathi izindiza okubhayindiwe umqhubi, λ - lo we amandla kazibuthe ungqimba isikhumba ukujula.

I-physics of kuyizinhlayiyana mass electron ingenye inkomba constants. Biography electron ayikapheli - njalo izifundo ezifanele futhi funa, lapho uba umhlanganyeli njalo. Sekuyisikhathi eside kucace ukuthi, nakuba amancane, elula, futhi ngaphandle kwalo yonke - hhayi esisodwa.