Daniel Bernoulli: Biography, izithombe, nesandla ekuthuthukiseni inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela okungenzeka

Ekhulwini XVII - enkathini ukukhanyiselwa. Ngo amagatsha amaningi amabutho ulwazi izingqondo eziseqophelweni ngesisekelo zenkolo yokwazi emhlabeni salandelwa kuphela wezobusayensi. Isenzakalo esiyingqayizivele enqubeni - umndeni Bernoulli, okwakunginika ososayensi eziningana eziphambili emhlabeni. Elinye lamagama evelele kunazo zonke kule Umthala - Daniel Bernoulli. Esikalini ithalente nokwehluka izithakazelo ukucwaninga okuthile, safana izazi ezinkulu Yenguquko. Okufanela eyinhloko amanye amalungu omndeni wakhe kanye izizukulwane ezizayo ukunikeza wezibalo njengoba ithuluzi jikelele ucwaningo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesayensi - physics, i-chemistry, i-biology nabanye abaningi.

Mathematics njengoba yomkhaya

Okhokho balezi umndeni Bernoulli babedabuka EFlanders, kusukela endaweni Southern Netherlands, kamuva elaba ingxenye Belgium. Ngo-Antwerp, lapho ayehlala khona omunye okhokho baso umndeni abadumile - uJakobe, waqala ukuhlushwa abasekeli EsengamaProthestani, okuhlanganisa Bernoulli. Ngakho baphoqeleka ukuba uhambe kuqala eJalimane bese waya eBasel, lapho wathola yisakhamuzi Swiss. Indodana kaJakobe - UNicholas, ngubani esihlahleni lozalo umndeni esiqokiwe abaphezulu, nginezingane 11. Wayengumuntu umsunguli lwamakhosi abadumile zezibalo. Omunye amadodana kaJakobe - Johann - wafundisa e-University of Groningen. Lo muzi Dutch Januwari 29, 1700 futhi wazalwa Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782 GG.).

Lapho ikusasa usosayensi omkhulu wayeneminyaka engamashumi 5 ubudala, Johann Bernoulli nomkhaya wakhe babuyela waya eBasel, lapho athola khona iposi ka uprofesa wezibalo. Ngemva wahileleka kumiswa Daniel, kwaba sobala ukuthi wayenekhono kulowo kungekho esingaphansi abafowabo - kaJakobe no Nicholas Jr. Kodwa uJohann Daniel okuthathwa oholela kangcono - umthengisi noma yezokwelapha - umsebenzi, ngakho, nganoma ekufuna, iminyaka engu-15 Daniel Bernoulli waba ngowokuqala bayofundela ubudokotela e-University of Basel, sabe Heidelberg German.

Okwelapha Nokuhlinza izibalo

Bayalithakasela Isasasa Esinalo cwaningo igelezela kuzo abezindaba liquid gaseous ebonakaliswa uDaniyeli, lapho eba umfundi ka udokotela odumile English uWilliam Harvey. Yena bazijwayeze ngokucophelela ngomsebenzi walo ku ekutadisheni ukugeleza kwegazi emzimbeni womuntu - Harvey kwaba pervootkryvatem kwegazi ezinkulu nezincane.

Ngokushesha uDaniyeli Bernoulli bavikela mqondo futhi uzame ukuthola okuthunyelwe lothisha. Nakuba ukukhethwa ukhetho ngokuvamile eyenziwa ngenkatho. Umzamo usosayensi abasha akuphumelelanga, kodwa kwaba imbangela isithakazelo ayenaso izici zezibalo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela okungenzeka.

Ngo-1724 Daniel kuhanjiswe ku Venice ukuqhubeka ukuze ngifundele ubudokotela practical udokotela odumile Antonio Michelotti.

Daniel I.

E-Italy, lapho wagula wabangwa nezibi, kodwa baqhubeka nocwaningo lwakhe. Wachitha eziningi ukuhlolwa ukuze uthole regularities ukuziphatha amanzi lapho kugeleza aphume esitsheni edabula amashubhu kwezigaba ezahlukene esiphambanweni. Lo msebenzi esungulwe igunya lakhe emkhakheni omusha physics, anibizela hydrodynamics.

Ngo 1725 Daniel Bernoulli Yayicelwe Russian uMbusikazi uCatherine ngithabatha yomnyango yoMnyango kweembalo ngesikhathi Academy of Sciences Petersburg. It wancika ingxenye yakhe, njengoba isazi abaqavile hydrodynamics, ekwakheni wendlale nemithombo ePeterhof.

Hlala usosayensi e-Russia kwaphawulwa usizi - ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-9 efikile Petersburg wabulawa imfiva ababeze kuye umzalwane UNicholas. Naphezu isimo salo ezinzima elalihambisana wona ngenkathi elapho sonke kwelinye izwe, Daniel waqongelela izinto ngomsebenzi walo main yesayensi - "Dynamics Fluid", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1738. It washayelwa amalungiselelo eziyisisekelo imithetho ukuthi ukucacisa uhlobo notshwala ku uketshezi kanye amagesi Uthole igama Bernoulli.

Ekhaya kwenza ososayensi ukuhambisa izicelo izikhundla e Basel, lapho 1733 futhi wabuyela Daniel Bernoulli. Umlando wakhe Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi liye exhumene kuphela kulo muzi, wahlala khona njengomfokazi uninterruptedly kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1782.

Ubuhlobo noyise

Lapho, ngo-1734, uDaniyeli wathi "Hydrodynamics" yakhe ngesikhathi emncintiswaneni Paris Academy of Sciences, kwathi imbangi yakhe kuyinto uyise. isinqumo Academy kwaba ebucayini, kodwa kubangelwa ulaka phezu ingxenye umzali. Daniel Bernoulli futhi Johann Bernoulli okulingana limenyezelwe abawinile, kodwa ngokuba eziteji nendodana yakhe owayebonakala elidala Uprofesa bebabukela phansi.

I ubuhlobo noyise Daniel wayehlukanisiwe, naphezu kwesifiso ukusungula indodana yabo. Lapho ukushicilelwa "Hydrodynamics" eStrasbourg e 1738, lapho bembuza ukungezwa igama lakhe ekhasini isihloko "indodana Johann." Kodwa Bernoulli mdala wayengekho ezingahlangani. Ngemva konyaka, wanyathelisa incwadi yakhe "Hydraulics". It is ngokuqondile sangomhla ke 1732, ukuze ukhombise kuqala.

Daniel Bernoulli futhi ngegalelo lakhe ukuthuthukiswa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela okungenzeka

Esikhathini "Amazwana Petersburg Academy" Bernoulli eshicilelwe iphepha lapho ecabanga isitatimende, ebizwa ngokuthi i-St Petersburg indida. It ezihlobene umdlalo, okokuqala okukhulunywe umshana SikaDaniyeli - UNicholas: baphonsa uhlamvu lwemali ngesikhathi n-izikhathi liwile "Lokhozi" kuletha umdlali ukuwina imali 2 emandleni n zemali. ukubala Mathematical of ematfuba Yokuwina kuholela isisindo esingapheliyo, kodwa ingqondo kusikisela ukuthi amaholo ngokubamba iqhaza mdlalo kumelwe zinenani ezilinganiselwe. Ngezinye isinqumo indida Daniel isebenzisa esikhundleni amathemba yokuwina zokuziphatha kanye ubuhlobo okungenzeka kanye Umbuso siqu.

Olunye ucwaningo ebalulekile Bernoulli kule ndawo kwakubangelwa umsebenzi oyinhloko Daniel - amagatsha futhi entsha isayensi, - yezokwelapha izibalo zezibalo kanye imfundiso yokuziphendukela amaphutha. Wanyathelisa amaphepha ukusebenza yokugoma ngokumelene ingxibongo.

ifa

Daniila Bernulli umsebenzi ku-mbono yokuziphendukela umehluko zibalo ibhekwa njengeyigugu kakhulu wezibalo elithi "ubumsulwa". A physics zezibalo - a mkhakha wesayensi, lapho usosayensi kubhekwa omunye wabasunguli.

Lokhu enqoleni physics kodwa imithetho eyisisekelo fluid dynamics, Bernoulli kwathuthukisa theory kinetic yamagesi futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kuyaqina, ofakelwe yochungechunge oluthile lwezinto ezenzeke imisebenzi string isixwayisi. ekwazi ukumelana namandla omoya Modern lusekelwe futhi okutholakele wenza okokuqala kaDaniyeli.

Paris, Berlin, Bologna, Petersburg Academy of Sciences, iRoyal Society - ilungu izinhlangano yesayensi uDaniyeli Bernoulli. Photo nesithombe sakhe kuhlobisa izindonga izikhungo eziningi zesayensi ababizwa ngegama lakhe, kuhlanganise i-laboratory e-Institute of Complex Systems Mathematical Ucwaningo at MSU.