Ngobani okhokho abantu? Izigaba main yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Ososayensi abaye bahluleka ngokwengeziwe ukuze kufinyelelwe esivumelwaneni mayelana nokuthi ubani okhokho abantu, impikiswano akuyona ekhulwini lokuqala ziqhutshwa emibuthanweni zezemfundo. Imfundiso ethandwa abaningi abakholelwa ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo ehlongozwayo ngu uCharles Darwin abadumile. Ukwamukela iqiniso lokuthi umuntu kuyinto "ozalweni" ka kwenkawu, kuyathakazelisa sithungathe umlando kanye kwemvelo.

imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo: okhokho babantu

Njengoba sekushiwo, iningi ososayensi oyikholelwayo, ukwamukela izinguqulo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo echaza umsuka indoda. Amadlozi abantu sithembele lo mbono - uhlobo lwenkawu olungavamile. ukuletha izinguquko wathatha iminyaka ezingaphezulu kwezingu-30, lesi sibalo esiqondile engakaze isungulwe.

UMsunguli umbono uwukuthi uCharles Darwin, owaphila ngekhulu le-19. Kusekelwe izinto ezifana ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, umzabalazo khona, ukushintshashintsha zofuzo.

parapithecus

Parapithecus - ngukhokho ezivamile abantu futhi abe uhlobo lwenkawu olungavamile. Kucatshangwa lezi zilwane owakhiwe emhlabeni eminyakeni ayizigidi ezingu-35 edlule. It is lezi wezinkawu lasendulo okwamanje ibhekwa njengeBhayibheli isixhumanisi kuqala ukuvela nezinkawu okukhulu. Driopithecus, gibbon anezintende futhi orangutan "inzalo" yabo.

Ngeshwa, hlobo lwezinkawu lasendulo, omncane usosayensi, idatha etholwe ngokusebenzisa uyathola kwezazi ezaziwayo. Kwatholakala ukuthi lezi zinkawu isihlahla ayethanda ukuba bazohlala izihlahla noma ezivulekile.

driopithecus

Driopithecus - ukhokho phansi ekhuluma ngabantu basendulo, kwenzekani, uma wencike idatha itholakala kusukela parapithecus. Isikhathi salezi zilwane akunqunywa ngokucacile, abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-18 edlule. Polunazemnye izinkawu emenza gorilla ama-chimpanzee kanye Australopithecus.

Ukuze babonise ukuthi driopithecus kungenziwa ngokuthi ukhokho umuntu wesimanje, wasiza cwaninga isakhiwo amazinyo nemihlathi besikhumba saleso silwane. Indaba for the cwaningo izinsalela ezitholakala France e 1856. Kuyaziwa ukuthi driopithecus emabhulashini ubavumele ukuba aliqonde futhi ubambe izinto abaphonse. Izinkawu ixazululwe ikakhulukazi phezu kwezihlahla ayethanda ngelusa ukuphila (kusuka Ukuvikelwa depredation). Ukudla bakhonza ikakhulukazi izithelo kanye amajikijolo, okuyinto kuqinisekiswa ungqimba ezondile koqweqwe lwawo phezu molars.

Australopithecus

Australopithecus - kukhokho womuntu, nezinkawu kakhulu, populating umhlaba mhlawumbe abangaba yizigidi ezingu-5 edlule. Izinkawu esetshenziselwa ukuhamba nasemilenzeni indluzelekazi, wangena poluvypryamlennom isikhundla. Ukwanda Australopithecus isilinganiso olunezinombolo 130-140 cm, kwakukhona isilwane iphansi noma iphezulu. isisindo umzimba wayebuye ezahlukene - ukusuka kg 20 kuya 50. Bakwazi ukusungula kanye nobuchopho ivolumu, ezingafinyelela cubic amasentimitha angaba ngu-600, lesi sibalo ephakeme kunaleyo nezinkawu omkhulu abaphila namuhla.

Kusobala ukuthi kwathatha ukuma aqonde kwaholela ukukhululwa kwe izandla. Kancane kancane oyisemkhulu womuntu basungula amathuluzi bakudala esetshenziswa ukulwa nezitha, ukuzingela, kodwa ungakaqali nokuwakhiqiza. Ekhuluma ewukuhlakanipha okwenziwe amathuluzi kuwo amatshe, izinti, amathambo ezilwane. Australopithecus ayethanda ukuba bazohlala amaqembu, ngoba kuyakusiza ukuvikela ngokuphumelelayo ngokumelene izitha. izintandokazi Ukudla zihlukile, ngokuhamba kwakungafanele izithelo kuphela kanye amajikijolo, kodwa inyama yezilwane.

Ngaphandle Australopithecus lalibukeka njengejele izinkawu kunabantu. Izidumbu zabo sasinezinwele obukhulu.

Homo habilis

Nokho, i-Homo habilis ibukeka cishe nsé Australopithecus, kwaba kakhulu baphakame ukuthuthukiswa yayo. Kukholakala ukuthi ummeleli wokuqala kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu uvele abangaba yizigidi ezimbili edlule. Ngokokuqala ngqá izinsalela Homo habilis etholakale Tanzania, kwenzeka ngo-1959. ubuchopho ivolumu, eyayintula indoda Ukugunda, kudlulwe ukusebenza Australopithecus (umehluko cubic amasentimitha angaba ngu-100). Kukhula ngabanye isilinganiso ingahambi nangale 150 cm.

Igama inzalo ka Australopithecus hola kwasekuqaleni ngoba lokho okwaqala ukwenza amathuluzi lasekuqaleni. Imikhiqizo ngokuyinhloko itshe, yasetshenziswa ngesikhathi ekuzingeleni. Kwatholakala ukuthi inyama njalo ekhona yokudla komuntu unamakhono. Tadisha izici begazi ubuchopho wavumela ososayensi ukuphakamisa amathuba nakhululwa ezifundisweni zokucathula inkulumo, kodwa lo mbono akuzange wathola isiqinisekiso ngqo.

Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba

Ukuthola iphutha lolu hlobo ayisigidi edlule, izinsalela wobuntu Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba ezitholakala Asia, eYurophu nase-Afrika. Umthamo ubuchopho eyayintula abameleli Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba, zaba 1100 cubic ngamasentimitha. Baye bekwazi amasignali umsindo, kodwa lezi imisindo Kwakusazofika inarticulate.

Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba is baziwa kakhulu yokuthi aphumelele esenzweni collective, abasizwa ama-anda, uma kulinganiswa nokwenu izixhumanisi odlule ubungako bobuchopho kwemvelo. Amadlozi zabantu ezingelwa ngempumelelo izilwane ezinkulu, wafunda ukubasa umlilo, njengoba kufakazelwa ezitholakala emihumeni namalahle inqwaba bone wokushiswa.

Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba kwadingeka ukukhula efanayo Homo habilis kwahluka isakhiwo zakudala Yekhanda (ongaphakeme frontal amathambo, ebohla kwesilevu). Kuze kube muva nje elidlule, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi abameleli zilwane ziye zanyamalala eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane 300 edlule, kodwa izinto ezisanda siphikise lo mbono. Kungenzeka ukuthi i-Homo erectus ekugcineni wathola ukubonakala abantu yesimanje.

Ingabe AmaNeanderthal

Akunjalo kudala kwathiwa bazitshela ukuthi AmaNeanderthal - amadlozi oqondile wabantu yesimanje. Kodwa, idatha yamuva zibonisa ukuthi bamele i yokuziphendukela kwemvelo efile ekupheleni legatsha. Abamele i-Homo neanderthalensis possessed ubuchopho ivolumu okwakunzima okungenani zilingana yenqwaba zazisa ubuchopho, afakwa kubantu yesimanje. Ngaphandle, le AmaNeanderthal kakade izinkawu cishe owawufana, isakhiwo se-mandible kusikisela ikhono lamukele inkulumo.

Kukholakala ukuthi AmaNeanderthal yavela eminyakeni 200-000 edlule. Indawo yokuhlala, ukuthi baye abakhethiwe, sincike sezulu. Kungase kube emihumeni zokukhosela enamadwala, lomfula. Guns okuyinto ezikhiqizwa AmaNeanderthal babé ezingcono. Ukuzingela wahlala emthonjeni oyinhloko ukudla, okuyinto waziphatha ngamaqembu amakhulu.

Sithole ukuthi AmaNeanderthal babe ezicini ezithile, kuhlanganise labo abangabangane kwelizayo. Ukuthi kwavela kanye iziqalo lokuqala nokuziphatha, obonakaliswe unakekelwe esizwe. izinyathelo kuqala eqinisekile kulo mkhakha Kuye kwenziwa, njengoba art.

Homo sapiens

Laba bameleli be-lokuqala Homo sapiens yavela eminyakeni mayelana 130,000 edlule. Abanye ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi kunophawu lokhu kwenzeka ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho. Ngaphandle, abaprofethi bamanga cishe zibukeka ngendlela efanayo? kanye nabantu bahlale kule mbulunga namuhla, hhayi esikhethekile ivolumu zobuchopho.

Found in abavubukuli zobuciko enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba bagomela ngokuthi izidalwa wokuqala ongabantu kakhulu athuthukile ngokuya isiko. Lokhu kufakazelwa okutholakele ezifana kule migede imidwebo, ezihlukahlukene ubucwebe, ebaziwe futhi umbhalo, adalwe kubo. eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane 15 indoda yathatha kunengqondo kudume yonke le mbulunga. Ngcono amathuluzi kwaholela ekwakhekeni komnotho elikhiqizayo, ethandwa phakathi Homo sapiens waqala imisebenzi efana nemfuyo, ezolimo. Imizana omkhulu wokuqala basonta kwesikhathi Neolithic.

Abantu nezinkawu: Afana Ngaso

Ukufana indoda futhi abe uhlobo lwenkawu olungavamile zisekhona isihloko ucwaningo. Izinkawu ayakwazi ukuthuthela phezu imilenze indluzelekazi, kodwa izingalo ngesikhathi esifanayo esetshenziswa njengendlela ukwesekwa. Iminwe kwalezi zilwane ayiqukethe izinzipho, nezinzipho. Isibalo imiphetho orangutan kuyinto 13 ngazimbili, ngenkathi abameleli kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu amazinyo abo inombolo 12., canines futhi molars kubantu nezinkawu olufana. Futhi kufanele kuphawulwe isakhiwo ezifanayo isitho izinhlelo, izitho sezinzwa.

Izici kwabantu kwenkawu ukufana okukhona kubonakala ikakhulukazi lapho libheka izindlela ukuveza imizwa. Bamane ubonise ukudabuka, intukuthelo, injabulo. Baye basungula isimiso isazela labazali kuzibonakalisa ngokunakekela abasebancane. Inzalo yabo akuzona gona kuphela, kodwa futhi bajeziswa ngenxa yokungalaleli. Izinkawu Zinenkumbulo enhle, uyakwazi ukuzibamba izinto ukuzisebenzisa njengoba amathuluzi.

Lezi zilwane singangena kule izifo ezifana ne-typhoid, ikholera, ingxibongo, kungenzeka itheleleke nge-AIDS kanye Umkhuhlane. Kukhona nezinye izimuncagazi ezivamile: waba nezintwala ekhanda.

Abantu nezinkawu: umehluko oyinhloko

Akubona bonke ososayensi abavumelana ukuthi nezinkawu omkhulu - amadlozi yomuntu yesimanje. Umthamo ubuchopho bomuntu ukuba okuyisilinganiso sabangu-1600 cubic amasentimitha, kuyilapho le ngxenye ezilwaneni has cu 600. cm. Cishe izikhathi 3.5 futhi endaweni ezahlukene cortex cerebral.

Bala umehluko ezihlobene ukubukeka, kungaba isikhathi eside. Ngokwesibonelo, abameleli kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu abe kwesilevu, izindebe wasonta, ikuvumela ukuba ubone mucosa. Abanaso ivelele amazinyo, izikhungo esithuthuke kabanzana BUKA. Izinkawu abe esifubeni emgqonyeni emise, ngenkathi flat kubantu. umuntu futhi izici ukhalo eziphambili, sacrum nakakhulu. Ezilwaneni, ubude umzimba sidlula ubude wemikhawulo aphansi.

Abantu bayazi, bayakwazi kuvame watibona, sebenzisa ikhono longeke watibona netintfo longatibona. Abameleli uhlanga lwesintu bayakwazi ukudala amathuluzi ukuthuthukisa ezindaweni ezifana yobuciko nesayensi. Zinikeza ifomu kwezilimi zokuxhumana.

eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma okunye

Njengoba sekushiwo, akubona bonke abantu uyavuma ukuthi nezinkawu - okhokho bomuntu. Ngo imfundiso kaDarwin, eziningi abaphikisi, okuyizinto ezibangela agumenti ezingasho. Kunemibono okunye ukuchaza ukubonakala abameleli Umhlaba ka Homo sapiens. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke kuwumbono yabo ngendalo, okusho ukuthi umuntu uyisidalwa adalwe isidalwa kwemvelo. Ukubukeka umdali incike izinkolelo zenkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, AmaKristu akholelwa ukuthi abantu bavele sibonga iplanethi kuNkulunkulu.

Omunye umbono ethandwa - isikhala. Lithi Uhlanga lwesintu lunezinye umsuka ezisemkhathini. Lo mbono uyazicabangela ukuba khona kwabantu ngenxa yomuzwa olwenziwa ingqondo cosmic. Kunenye inguqulo ithi kohlanga lwesintu owehla evela njengabafokazi.