Izincwadi Old Russian - kuyini? Imisebenzi kwezincwadi Old Russian

izincwadi Old Russian - kuyini? Isebenza 11-17 eminyaka zifaka imisebenzi hhayi kuphela tetemibhalo, kodwa futhi imibhalo zomlando (ilandisa izindaba kanye chronicles) Incazelo (ngokuthi ukuhamba), ehlala (izindaba mayelana izimpilo abangcwele), izintshumayelo, izincwadi, amasampula ukuhluza oratorical, kanye eminye imibhalo kokuqukethwe ibhizinisi. Izihloko kwezincwadi Old Russian, njengoba ungabona, unothile kakhulu. Yonke imisebenzi kukhona izakhi zokuphila ngokomzwelo ukukhanyisa, ubuciko.

ubunikazi

Esikoleni, abafundi bafunda ukuthi izincwadi Old Russian, akhombisa nemiqondo eyisisekelo. Cishe uyazi ukuthi iningi imisebenzi okuqondene nalesi sikhathi, esele amagama yasekuqaleni. Izincwadi sidilizwa Rus kakhulu engaziwa ke kufana temlomo Folk art. Ematheksthi abhalwa ngesandla futhi basakaza nge ukuxhumana - up, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi ngokuvamile reworked silingane okuthandwa entsha tetemibhalo, isimo sezombusazwe, kanye ngokuqondene amakhono etemibhalo abakopishi esikuthandayo. Ngakho-ke, umkhiqizo beza kithi izinhlelo ezahlukene futhi izinguqulo. I Luhlatiyo kubo kusiza abacwaningi kabusha umlando isikhumbuzo ukuphetha okuyinto izinketho esiseduzane umthombo, umbhalo lombhali, kanye sithungathe umlando waleli izinguquko zalo.

Ngezinye izikhathi, ezimweni ezingajwayelekile kakhulu, sinalo ithuba copyright, futhi ngokuvamile uhlu kamuva zingatholakala esiseduzane ezikhumbuzo yokuqala izincwadi Old Russian. Ngakho-ke, kufanele zihlolwe ngesisekelo wonke ongakhetha isebenza. Zitholakala ezinkulu imitapo wedolobha, iminyuziyamu kanye zomlando. imibhalo eminingi ziye zalondolozwa inani elikhulu izinhlu, abanye - olunqunyelwe. Inketho kuphela ethulwa, isibonelo, "usitjela maye namashwa," "Umyalo" uVladimir Monomakh, "Lay."

"Ukuziphatha" futhi repeatability

Kufanele kuqashelwe lesi sici izincwadi zasendulo njengoba repeatability e imibhalo nezinguqulo ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene izinkathi ezahlukene, izici ezithile, izimo, tiphawulo, izingathekiso, ukuqhathanisa. Isebenza esivela nenhlonipho okuthiwa: hero liziphatha ngayo noma ngendlela izenzo ngandlela-thile, ngoba ulandela imiqondo isikhathi sabo ku ukuthi baziphathe kanjani ezimweni ezahlukene. Futhi izenzakalo (isibonelo, impi) bachazwa nokusetshenziswa amafomu unomphela nezithombe.

Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi ekhulwini 10

Siyaqhubeka ukhuluma ngalokho izincwadi Old Russian. Yisho amaphuzu ayinhloko, uma wesaba ukukhohlwa okuthile. Izincwadi Rus sidilizwa ngokubabazekayo, onesizotha, bendabuko. umsuka wayo libhekisela ekhulwini 10th, ngokunembile ukuthi ukuphela kwawo lapho, ngemva ukwamukelwa kobuKristu njengoba inkolo wombuso laseRussia aqala avele imibhalo zomlando olusemthethweni abhalwe isiSlavonic Esidala Sesonto. Ngokusebenzisa wamabhange Bulgaria (owawungumnyaka umthombo wale mikhiqizo) Rus sidilizwa usejoyine izincwadi athuthukile zaseByzantium eningizimu Slavic. isimo izinduna eholwa Kiev ukuze lelisu izithakazelo zabo kuzomele udale ngalokujulile ematheksthi abo, faka izinhlobo ezintsha. Ngosizo izincwadi kuhlelwe imfundo izwe, ukwamukelwa ubunye zezombusazwe futhi umlando wabantu nezikhulu lasendulo, kudlule isijeziso sabo umbango.

Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi 11 - emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka 13.

Izihloko kanye nemisebenzi kwezincwadi kwalesi sikhathi (ukulwa ne Polovtsy futhi Pechenegs - izitha wangaphandle, ukuxhumana nezindaba yomlando Russian nge umzabalazo womhlaba wonke isihlalo sobukhosi Kiev izikhulu, umlando isimo) kunqunywa uhlobo isitayela isikhathi, D. S. Lihachev ebizwa ngokuthi historicism omkhulukazi. IZIKRONIKE ukuvela ezweni lethu ehlangene ekuqaleni izincwadi Russian.

Phawula futhi umkhiqizo, okuyinto ingatholakala ebhukwinitifundvo "izincwadi Old Russian" (Libanga 6). Lokhu "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", okuyinto eye behlele kithi njengengxenye yezindaba zemihla ngemihla kamuva. Ihlanganiswa isikhulumi kanye mlando indela Nestor cishe ngo 1113. At inhliziyo indaba kukhona indaba bokuqala, abangasizakalanga ngakho basinda. Okokufundisa "izincwadi Old Russian" (Libanga 6) sihlanganisa omunye umkhiqizo ezithakazelisayo wesikhathi - "Legend of the Kozhemyako".

ngekhulu le-11

Kuhlawumbiselwa kusukela izimpilo ekhulwini lokuqala: uTheodosius Pechersky, uBoris futhi Gleb. Basuke izimpawu ukunakwa ezinkingeni namuhla, ukuphelela tetemibhalo, ubungqabavu.

Izwe, ukuvuthwa yokucabanga zezombusazwe, amakhono lesibonwa kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu esikhumbuzo ubugagu kwaphawula "INtshumayelo Law noGrace," eyabhalwa uHilarion engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-11, "Amazwi nezimfundiso" Kirilla Turovskogo (1130-1182 GG.). "Ukufundiswa" Grand Prince Kiev uVladimir Monomakh, owaphila sikhathi kusukela 1053 by 1125., benamandla isintu ngokujulile nokukhathalela isiphetho isimo.

"Beka"

Nge lutho kulo msebenzi akunakugwenywa lapho isihloko sihloko izincwadi Old Russian. Uyini "Beka?" Lona umsebenzi omkhulu kunayo yonke Russia lasendulo, ezidalwe umbhali akaziwa in the 80s kwekhulu le-12. Umbhalo Sizokwenza ocacile - umkhankaso zehluleka asemaqeleni Polovtsian e 1185, Prince Igorya Svyatoslavovicha. Umbhali unesithakazelo hhayi kuphela isiphetho ezweni isiRashiya, naye uyakhumbula izenzakalo zamanje futhi esidlule, ngakho heroes lweqiniso "uLizwi" - hhayi, Igor futhi Svyatoslav, naye ikhokhwe a lot of ukunakwa emsebenzini, futhi izwe isiRashiya, abantu - okuthile ku ogxile izincwadi Russian Old. "Igama elithi" eziningi izici ezihambisana Njengoba edlulisela amasiko lelandzisako isikhathi sakhe. Kodwa, njengoba kunoma iyiphi umsebenzi ubuhlakani, iqukethe izici yokuqala, kubonakala intuthuko Rhythmic, ukujula ulimi, ukusetshenziswa amasu nobuntu temdzabu, futhi rethinking, bokubanga civil kanye lyricism.

Kazwelonke-yokushisekela izwe indaba ephathwayo

Luphakamisa ngesikhathi Tartar ijoka (kusuka 1243 kuze kube ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15) izincwadi Old Russian. Kuyini wokushisekela izwe ngemisebenzi kulokhu? Ake sizame ukuba siphendule lo mbuzo. Isitayela historicism omkhulukazi Uthola imininingwane ehilelekile ezithile imizwa: imibhalo kuhluke lyricism, babe bokubanga ezibuhlungu. Umqondo womuntu oyedwa amandla eqinile emaphakathi kwesikhulu uthola kulesi sikhathi kubaluleke kakhulu. Kwezinye izindaba kanye zemihla (isibonelo, "The Tale ngekubhidlitwa Ryazan Batu") ibika mayelana nezinto ezethusayo ayehlasela isitha futhi ukulwa nesibindi sokulwa yabacindezeli abantu Russian. Lena wokushisekela izwe lapho kubonakala. Isithombe Zomhlaba wasemuva, inkosana ekahle kubonakala ngokucacile kakhulu abhalwe 70s umsebenzi ngekhulu le-13 "The Life of Alexander saseNevsky".

Umfundi "Tale of the Ingxenye yesakhiwo sasemandulo ayasala we Russian ezweni" isithombe kuvula ubuhle bemvelo, izikhulu amandla. Lo msebenzi - kuphela esekhona isinqamu umbhalo ngokugcwele. It is Kunikezelwa izenzakalo nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-13 - isikhathi esindayo Tartar ijoka.

isitayela okusha: ekhululekile futhi ngokomzwelo

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka 14-50-yalolucwaningo. Ngekhulu le-15 siyashintsha izincwadi Old Russian. Yiluphi uhlobo ekhululekile futhi ngokomzwelo ukuthi sekukhona ngalesi sikhathi? Iveza imibono kanye nezenzakalo izinhlangano azungeze eMoscow enyakatho-mpumalanga yeRussia futhi ukwakheka eyodwa isimo Russian. Khona-ke izincwadi waqala ukubonisa isithakazelo umuntu, Psychology womuntu kanye nezwe lakhe elingokomoya kwangaphakathi (nakuba kuyinto kuphela ngaphansi kohlaka ukwazi yenkolo). Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekwandeni emsebenzini ekuqaleni subjective.

Futhi isitayela esisha - ekhululekile futhi ngokomzwelo, lapho kufanele kuphawulwe yinkimbinkimbi ngamazwi "ukwelukwa yamagama" (okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba Ornamental). Lezi zindlela ezintsha siklanyelwe kubonise isifiso umfanekiso imizwa yomuntu.

Engxenyeni yesibili ka-15 - emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka 16. zikhona izindaba esakudala e indaba yokuphila kwabo umlingisi novelistic izindaba setemlomo ( "The Tale of Merchant Basarge", "Indaba Dracula" kanye nabanye). Okuphawulekayo anda inani imisebenzi ehunyushiwe uhlamvu eqanjiwe, evame kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kuba uhlobo legend (isibonelo, "The Tale of the Nezikhulu Vladimir").

"SikaKhisimusi sikaPetru Fevronia"

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, usebenza kwezincwadi Old Russian futhi ukuboleka ezinye izici-legends. Maphakathi nawo-16 leminyaka Ermolai Erasmus, i intatheli ubudala Russian futhi umbhali, ukudala edumile "Tale uPetru Fevronia", okuyinto ingenye imibhalo ebalulekile kakhulu izincwadi Russian. Kusekelwe yetinsita mayelana nendlela ngoba intelligence ongumlimi yakhe intombazane yaba inkosazana. Kabanzi umkhiqizo namaqhinga fabulous, umsindo nezisusa nomphakathi.

Izimpawu izincwadi 16 leminyaka

Ekhulwini le-16 isimo ezisemthethweni imibhalo buyaqina, bokuthi izincwadi iba solemnity nemicikilisho. Zivame ukuthwala imisebenzi enjalo, injongo okuyinto - ukulawulwa ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe, kwamasiko, zomthetho, futhi nsuku zonke. Isibonelo esimangalisayo - "Omkhulu Saints Ukuphila", iyiqoqo imibhalo, ehlanganisa amavolumu 12, ayehloselwe ekhaya Ukufundwa inyanga ngayinye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakha "Domostroy", lobeka imithetho yokuziphatha emkhayeni, inikeza amathiphu izindlu, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu. Imisebenzi zomlando kwesikhathi ngokuya ogcwele kokusungulwa ukuze senze indaba elandiswayo kuyajabulisa.

ngekhulu le-17

Imisebenzi kwezincwadi Old Russian kwekhulu le-17 siguqulwe kakhulu. It uqala ukwakha okuthiwa ubuciko isikhathi esisha. Kuyinto inqubo yeningi, ukwandisa indaba ephathwayo imisebenzi. It siyashintsha indima ubuntu emlandweni sibonga izenzakalo besizukulwane seMpi ongumlimi (16 ngasekupheleni -. 17 ekuseni c), Kanye Isikhathi Nezinkinga. Izenzo Borisa Godunova, Ivana Groznogo, Vasiliya Shuyskogo nezinye emlandweni zichazwe manje hhayi kuphela intando yaphezulu, kodwa futhi izici ubuntu ngamunye wabo. Kukhona uhlobo olukhethekile - Democratic ukubhinqa okuyinto baziklolodela Isonto udweshu emphakathini, zomthetho (isibonelo, "A Tale of Shemyakin enkantolo"), umkhuba kwabefundisi ( "Kalyazin LWEZIKHALAZO").

"Impilo," uHabakuki, indaba yasendlini

Ekhulwini le-17 kulotshiwe kwakhe wahlala esikhathini kusuka 1620 kuya eminyakeni 1682. Avvakum - "Ukuphila." It is kuchazwe encwadini "izincwadi Old Russian" (grade 9). Isici esivelele sesimiso umbhalo, ulimi ocebile ethakazelisayo, kwansuku okuxoxa, lezincwadi ubude.

Phakathi nale nkathi, wadala futhi indaba kwansuku Frol Skobeyev, Sawa Grudtsyn nabanye, khomba uhlamvu ehlukile zezincwadi Old Russian. Kukhona amaqoqo ehunyushiwe tindzaba letimfisha kanye amanoveli ka Chivalry. Utfutfukisa Prosody (abalobi eyaziwa - Sylvester Medvedev uSimeyoni Polotskits, Carion Istomin).

Ngekhulu le-17 kuphelile umlando izincwadi zasendulo, futhi lapho kufika esigabeni esilandelayo - izincwadi ezikhathini zanamuhla.