Izinto eziphilayo: izakhiwo zabo, amazinga yenhlangano kanye ngezigaba

Ososayensi baye eside esabonwa ukwehluka kakhulu zomhlaba wethu futhi kanjalo baqala ukusifundela ukubonakaliswa, imisuka nokusatshalaliswa zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni. Isayensi ukuthi study zonke izinto eziphilayo, umsebenzi wabo, isakhiwo, kanye ngezigaba zabo, ngokuthi biology. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlola ubuhlobo Animate nge izwe ezingaphili.

Izici ezikhethekile possessed eziphilayo kuphela ophilayo, kanje: ngezinga eliphezulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi yenhlangano zabo; ingxenye ngayinye kunenjongo ayo nemisebenzi ethize; ikhono lokusebenzisa, akhiphe ukuguqula zamandla imvelo ukuze baphile; ikhono nokusabela ezintweni ezenzeka ngaphandle kanye izinguquko imvelo. Futhi, basuke kahle ingashintshwa ukuze imvelo yabo (ukuthuthukiswa izakhiwo eguquguqukayo); Ungakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokwayo (phindaphinda), sidle ifa kanye propensity kuya kokuhlukana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpawu inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okwaphumela kwakungekho ezihlukahlukene ezifana izidalwa eziphilayo.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana amazinga yenhlangano wokuphila, okuyinto kuhlobene endaweni kwakuwukuthi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izinga ephansi line ehlukanisa izinto eziphilayo kwaqala entweni engaphili futhi limelela ukwakheka kwama-molecule. Khona-ke kukhona emangqamuzaneni lapho amaseli bese izici eziyinhloko kwesakhiwo kangakanani konke okufanayo. amazinga Okuningi eziyinkimbinkimbi organomineral izicubu kumane kuhlobene ezinamangqamuzana amaningi lapho amaseli ethathwe izingxenye umzimba iye yathuthukiswa ngokwanele. Esigabeni esilandelayo - wonke umzimba, kukhona Nokho izidalwa ezahlukene babe, babe ngento eyodwa - konke akhiwa amangqamuzana.
Khona-ke zonke zezinto eziphilayo kakade oluthathwa isimiso ezahlukene. ngisho lonke kwesigaba ikhishwe emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo, okuthiwa taxonomy, okuyinto bekwi incazelo kanye Ukubuthelela akubo bonke. Ngakho, systematics eziphilayo elibahlukanisile ngesimo ukuphila acellular (amagciwane) kanye iseli. ukuwa Kugcine omunye: bacterium elula eziyinkimbinkimbi, izitshalo, izilwane kanye nesikhunta. Ukuhlela zonke lezi izinto, badinga ukukhomba, futhi lisebenzisa eziningana izici, ezinye zazo yilezi: morphological, kwamakhemikhali, bokuphila kanye nezinye izici.
ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa biology ekutadisheni ekwakhekeni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ziqukethe izinto eziningi yizici zamakhemikhali ngayiphi indlela organic compounds kanye wezinto ezingaphili. izakhi zamakhemikhali kumaseli eziphilayo aqukethe ama-athomu carbon okuyizinto lwentando ukuphila. Ngokuvamile, wonke organic compounds ezimbalwa kuphela amakilasi zibalulekile ukuze kube nentuthuko. Lezi zihlanganisa acid nucleic, amaphrotheni, lipids kanye carbohydrate. Izinto eziphilayo ingase iqukathe ezitokisini zabo-70 ukuze imibuso eyakha lo gqwa simiso Mendeleev, kodwa 24 kuphela njalo kufakwe Ukwakheka yabo (i-phosphorus, i-potassium, i-sulphur, i-calcium, okusansimbi, i-magnesium, i-zinc, i-aluminiyamu, iodine, njll)