Izindlela iziphakamiso zokuxhumana embhalweni. Ukuxhumana kwamagama nemisho

Umbhalo - iqoqo iziphakamiso bahlobene lukhulu futhi ineluhlelo. isethulo okungaguquki ukudluliselwa umqondo oluyisisekelo esebenzisa imigomo ethize, tinongo tenkhulumo kanye ijubane ingafinyelela ubunye isitayela. Izindlela iziphakamiso zokuxhumana embhalweni ukunikeza yesondlo okuqhubekayo imicabango ngaphandle kokuphazamisa oyiyo.

Isakhiwo umbhalo

Ukwakheka umbhalo, njengoba umthetho, siqukethe izingxenye ezintathu: isingeniso, lelandzisako esiphethweni. Ngo isiRashiya kukhona izinhlobo eziningana umbhalo, kuye isakhiwo.

1. Ukuthuthukiswa - lelandzisako ezilandelanayo amaqiniso noma imicimbi.
2. Wagibela - Umbhalo ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye, okuyinto kancane kancane esikhundleni nomunye ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ubuqotho incazelo.
3. Eyindilinga - yenguquko ukusuka kwelinye iphuzu ziye kwelinye nge kokubuyela emibonweni kakade ukuthi.
4. Parallel - indlela Ngokuqhathanisa umcimbi eyodwa kuya kwenye.
5. Leyehlukene - letilandzisako ukungenzi ngenhloso izingxenye ngabanye ukwakha nozungu.
6. Ring - ukubuyela umfundi ekugcineni kombhalo kulabo kakade ukuthi ekuqaleni umbono uhlaziye imininingwane emva amaziyo umnyuziki ngendaba.
7. Ukugqama - isetshenziselwa aqhathanise izingxenye ezahlukene kombhalo.

Ukusebenzisa ubudlelwana obuphakathi kokuhlanganisa imisho embhalweni, iyahambelana izigaba. Zihlukaniswa lukhulu futhi-syntax. isigaba ngasinye has a isihloko encane, has logic futhi ukuphelela.

Ukwakheka umbhalo ezahlukene inkulumo izitayela

Kuye izesekeli isitayela, nokwakheka kolimi lombhalo zingase zihluke. Ngokwesibonelo, abalobi imisebenzi yobuciko akuvamile ubambelela lokulinganisa esiqinile. Art isitayela kwephula esiyimbangela kanye nobudlelwane spatiotemporal. Ukwakheka esekelwe ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi ngemicondvo.

Ematheksthi wesayensi, isitayela lesibonwa noma ibhizinisi ngokuvamile eyenziwa ngokohlelo. Ngokwesibonelo, usebenzisa inkulumo "yokucabanga" kufanele ngokucacile olwakhiwe nge izingxenye ehlanganisa mqondo ubufakazi futhi okukhiphayo.

Ukunikeza - umbhalo iyunithi

Izindima umbhalo ukwenza iziphakamiso. Ihlanganisa isahlulelo ephelele, abasizwa ama-Ubuhlobo semantic, nemithetho yolimi nendlela syntactical ka wemagama emshweni. Ubudlelwano syntactic incike ukuhleleka nenjongo kwamagama ukwakheka kwemisho. uxhumano kolimi liqinisekiswa ukusetshenziswa izihlanganiso, izivumelwano izabizwana kanye namafomu nokushintsha igama. ubudlelwano semantic eziyimisebenzi engasho lutho imithetho kanye Kusebentisa buviyoviyo.

Ngokuvamile unikeza kuze amabinzana, amagama okuyinto kuphakamisa ekhethekile.

Nazi izinhlobo ukuxhumana kwamagama ibinzana

izwi ethi ongangenela co noma uxhumano okhonzile. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamalungu ibinzana lapho izwi luncike nezinye, kudala nezimfuneko ezithile nokusetshenziswa kolimi. izwi oncikile kumele ifane izici variable morphological izwi eyinhloko, okuwukuthi, kuhlangene ke ngesikhathi, inombolo, ubulili kanye icala.

Ubuhlobo Ongaphansi, lapho izwi uncike ngokuphelele eqala ukuma angukhiye main echaza uhlobo control "ukuvumelana". Amagama asetshenziswa olulodwa inombolo, icala, noma uhlobo. Ngokwesibonelo: imbali enhle, intombazanyana, ibhola oluhlaza. Kukhona umbono esinqunyiwe lokubuyisana, lapho amagama ohlukile: udokotela wami, kusho uNobhala ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza. Ngokuvamile angena esivumelwaneni bese uqedela Ibizo Isiphawulo (esithi), tivumelwano, tabito, tinombolo.

Leli hhovisi liqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso isenzo ngendaba, okungukuthi, abonise ukukhetha olala yayo. Njengoba igama engaphansi ngokuvamile ibizo noma tenkhulumo ezingaba esikhundleni sakhe (isiphawulo, esithi). Igama lisebenza kwa ibinzana iba isenzo, isandiso, noma ibizo. Ngokwesibonelo: ukufunda iphephandaba, inyama, wedwa noyise.

Junction okubangelwa engasho lutho nje. Ngu uhlobo lokuxhuma izintambo ezakhiwe imishwana of kwekusebentisa, emabito nezandiso, emabito avame ukusetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo: ukucula kahle, ufuna adle, enhle kakhulu.

isibopho Coordinative kwamagama emshweni

Imigqa wemagama emshweni kungase kuhlotshaniswe kuphela ngaphakathi kokuchaza futhi ngokohlelo lolimi, futhi musa ezincike ngayo kwezinye izici eliguqulekayo. Amazwi aphuma sibe nalobo buhlobo, ngenhloso yokuzama babe amalungu eyohlobo noma heterogeneous. Lokhu kungase kusetshenziswe ukubaluleka kokubonisa izinyunyana, contrastive futhi eqhekeza. uchungechunge Asyndetic exhunywe buviyoviyo kuphela.

Ngenani isibopho coordinative kungenzeka noma iyiphi ingxenye inkulumo. Ngokuvamile emshweni imigqa ineluhlelo ezimele basonta esho izwi elifanayo. Kulokhu, lamagama angase abe inombolo ehlukile futhi ukusabalala.

izindlela Syntactic yamagama zokuxhumana emshweni

Isiphakamiso iyunithi ngaphezulu eyinkimbinkimbi syntax isiRashiya, kanti nobuhlobo phakathi kwamagama zenzeka ngaphezulu branched e isiphakamiso. Isiphakamiso linesisekelo nemithetho yolimi nendlela lungaboniswa amalungu ezincane. Ukuhlobana phakathi kuncike nesilandiso umehluko isici phakathi okunikezwayo kusuka ibinzana: ubudlelwane yekwenta phakathi kwamagama ngokuwahlanganisa, zahluleka ukuvuka.

Ukuxhumana ezivukayo Isiphakamiso phakathi amalungu amakhulu:

• alinganayo - amagama ashintshiwe ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwenza ushintsho ukuze nomunye kubizwa ngokuthi ukubambisana. (Rainy Autumn);
• engavezwanga ngamazwi - amazwi Ningabi njengokhokho nomunye, bamemeze juxtaposition yabo. (Ubaba emsebenzini);
• double - yekwenta libhekisela igama / isabizwana (isihloko), futhi ingxenye ngamazwi. (UDade mazibuyiselwe esikoleni ukhathele).

Yesibili yomusho ngiyoba uxhumano okhonzile nge ngesisekelo kolimi, ukwakha imisho.

Iziphakamiso ukuthi ube nezisekelo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu phakathi kwezakhi zolimi abizwa ngokuthi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Phakathi izingxenye zawo singenzeka ubuhlobo alinganayo noma kwakuwukuthi. Bond emshweni eziyinkimbinkimbi Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa imifelandawonye futhi unencazelo enenjongo.

amazwi Ukuxhumana imisho lemagalagala

Slozhnosochinennye eziyinkimbinkimbi (MTP) iziphakamiso libhekene i incazelo alinganayo futhi ngesikhathi esisodwa izenzakalo. Izingxenye isiphakamiso zizimele kusukela komunye nomunye futhi kungaba khona eceleni njengoba ezimbili ezilula, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umthwalo semantic. Xhuma base ezimbili lwetakhi telulwimi (noma ngaphandle amalungu zesibili) by wokuxhumanisa tihlanganiso. Kukhona ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: sokuhlukanisa, nokuxhuma contrastive. Igama eqenjini ngalinye ukuchaza kanjani indlela semantic ukuhlobanisa izingxenye ezimbili umusho eziyinkimbinkimbi.

sipho Conjunctionless (BSP) futhi libhekisela esibophweni coordinative. izisekelo ehlukene phakathi kwezakhi zolimi zihlukaniswe zibabazo, buviyoviyo incazelo.

kwakuwukuthi zokuxhumana indlela emshweni kuvetwa hhayi kuphela imishwana. Uhlobo esilandelayo umusho lolukhuni kusekelwe kwakuwukuthi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu izingxenye nezinye. umusho lolukhuni kwakhiwa (CPR) is amayunyani futhi amazwi union, kokuba libe nencazelo ehluke. Kuya value abo izinhlobo secrete lekhontile (izizathu, isikhathi, indawo, isimo, njalo njalo. P.).

Ngokuvamile, ikakhulukazi isitayela kwezobuciko futhi lesibonwa, kukhona WBS nge lekhontile amaningi. kunezinhlobo ezahlukene uxhumano okhonzile kulezi zimo:

• Yomkhiqizo - Ukunikeza esinye nesinye sithembele kesinye kwi "uchungechunge": Ingxenye yesibili ngowokuqala, eyesithathu kusukela kwesibili, njll;..
• parallel - omunye lekhontile zihlukile uhlobo;
• iyunifomu - the main okuyingxenye zihlanganisa paranasal eziningana ezifanayo.

-syntax Inxanxathela kungaba kanyekanye sihlanganise isibopho coordinative (ngesimo MSP futhi BSP) kanye kwakuwukuthi.

iziphakamiso Ukuxhumana

Izindlela iziphakamiso zokuxhumana embhalweni zihlukaniswe ezimbili eziyinhloko: serial ngokulinganisa. leticocwako Ngokulandelana elinesimo zavela kancane kancane futhi okunomqondo leli qiniso eliyisisekelo. Okuqukethwe isiphakamiso sangaphambilini uba isisekelo esisha futhi kanjalo iketanga. Njengoba wokuxhumana inikeza, kuleli cala, kungaba igama elifanayo, izihlanganiso, izivumelwano izabizwana, associative futhi ezifanayo semantic.

Uxhumano hlangana kwemikghwa neenhloso isiphakamiso kusekelwe ukuqhathanisa noma umehluko. Iningi ematheksthi basebentise zokuxhumana parallel libhekene ukusetshenziswa umusho owodwa ngokuthi "idatha" sokuthuthukisa concretization umqondo. Ukuze kuzuzwe impindamqondo, izindlela ezifanele syntactic, lucebe futhi morphological iziphakamiso zokuxhumana embhalweni.

izindlela lucebe iziphakamiso zokuxhumana

Ngu zokuxhumana lucebe abalobi isicelo aye ayisebenzisa ukuze udale kokubili lelandzisako serial ngokulinganisa. Kulokhu, njengoba esebenzisa iziphakamiso zokuxhumana usebenzisa izindlela ezilandelayo.

1. ezinikezwa lucebe - aqukethe e ukusetshenziswa yamagama nezakhiwo, inhlanganisela yokhiye.
2. Amagama obekungeyenye iqembu thematic.
3. Bomcondvofana kanye esikhundleni into eyodwa.
4. Bomcondvophika.
5. Amagama futhi inhlanganisela yawo ngaphakathi kokuchaza uxhumano okunengqondo (Nokho, kungakho ngalokuvamile, kuphetsa m. P.).

Ukusebenzisa ulwazimagama yokuxhumana iziphakamiso ngokuyisisekelo esivela indaba ye-serial.

izindlela morphological iziphakamiso zokuxhumana

izindlela morphological zokuxhumana okusekelwe ukusetshenziswa izingxenye ezahlukene yokukhuluma, okuyizinto ukwazi ukuhlobanisa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu iziphakamiso. Umthelela kuyinto okumele izuzwe kuphela uma ukulandelana kwamagama.

izindlela morphological ukuxhumana phakathi iziphakamiso ihlukaniswa kanje.

1. Allied amazwi, tihlanganisi nezinhlayiyana elisetshenziswa ekuqaleni komusho.
2. izabizwana zoqobo kanye sekukhomba, okuyinto esikhundleni amagama kusukela iziphakamiso odlule.
3. Tandziso indawo, isikhathi, ezihlobene e okusho ukuba imisho embalwa kombhalo.
4. Ukusetshenziswa isikhathi esivamile yakha isilandiso ngamazwi.
5. Lamadigri Ukuqhathanisa tandziso kanye tiphawulo ezihlobene isiphakamiso sangaphambilini.

Ukusetshenziswa elifanele impindamqondo futhi ingxoxo ezilandelanayo.

izindlela Syntactic iziphakamiso zokuxhumana

iziphakamiso syntax isibopho embhalweni ibangelwa ngenhloso usebenzisa eyodwa yezindlela:

• impindamqondo syntactic (efanayo izwi oda kanye nomklamo morphological);
• yokukhululeka ukwakhiwa kwemusho nasemagameni ukubhaliswa kwaso njengenhlangano iyunithi ezimele letikhetfwe etheksthini lephelele;
• ukusetshenziswa imisho akuphelele ;
• ukusetshenziswa imiklamo ezethula, izikhalazo, imibuto lengafuni mphendvulo, njll.;
• Kombhala neqondile kwemagama emshweni.

Iminikelo syntax isibopho nobuntu izitayela ezahlukene. Yiqiniso, kungenziwa izinhlobo wehlukile futhi yinqaba kubonakala kuphela eqanjiwe noma journalism.

Izindlela echazwe iziphakamiso zokuxhumana embhalweni Akuwona kuphela kungenzeka. Konke kuncike isitayela umbhalo kanye imibono yombhali. Letinye tinhlobo temibhalo akuzona imingcele ecacile - ungahlangana ezihlukahlukene zonke izinketho uxhumano kungenzeka bona. Imibhalo yezesayensi olusemthethweni sebhizinisi aqukethe imibhalo kucace kakhudlwana futhi leyakheke ukuhlangabezana nezidingo logic nobudlelwano ngekwendzawo-yesikhashana.