Iyini ukusebenzisana okubuthakathaka kwe-physics?

Ukuxhumana okuncane kungenye yamandla amane ayisisekelo alawula zonke izindaba endaweni yonke. Eminye emithathu yi-gravity, i-electromagnetic kanye nokuxhumana okuqinile. Ngenkathi ezinye izinto zihlangana ndawonye, amandla abuthakathaka adlala indima enkulu ekubhujisweni kwawo.

Ukusebenzisana okuncane kunamandla kunamandla adonsela phansi, kodwa kusebenza kuphela emadolobheni amancane kakhulu. Amandla asebenza ezingeni le-subatomic futhi adlala indima enkulu ekunikezeni amandla wezinkanyezi nokudala izinto. Kubuye kubhekwe kakhulu emisebeni yemvelo endaweni yonke.

Umbono weFermi

Isazi sezinkanyezi sase-Italy u-Enrico Fermi ngo-1933 sakha inkolelo yokuchaza ukubola kwe-beta - inqubo yokuguqula i-neutron ibe yi-proton futhi ichithe i-electron, evame ukubhekwa kulo mongo njenge-partica ye-beta. Wachaza uhlobo olusha lwamandla, okuthiwa ukuxhumana okubuthakathaka, okwakubangela ukubola, inqubo eyinhloko yokuguqulwa kwe-neutron ibe yiprotton, i-neutrino kanye ne-electron, ebizwa ngokuthi i-antineutrino.

Ekuqaleni uFermi wayecabanga ukuthi kwakukhona ukude nokulingana. Kwadingeka kuhlangane izinhlayiya ezimbili, ukuze amandla asebenze. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kutholakale ukuthi ukuxhumana okubuthakathaka empeleni kuyinhlangano ekhangayo ebonakala ebangeni elifushane kakhulu elilingana no-0.1% we-proton ububanzi.

Amandla we-Electroweak

Ezimweni zokubola, amandla amandla angamakhulu angama-100 000 amancane kune-electromagnetic eyodwa. Noma kunjalo, manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi ngaphakathi kulingana ne-electromagnetic eyodwa, futhi lezi zenzakalo ezimbili ezicacile zikholelwa ukuthi zimelela ukubonakaliswa kwamandla okukodwa we-electroweak. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa ukuthi bahlanganisa amandla ngaphezu kwe-GeV eyi-100.

Ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa ukuxhumana okubuthakathaka kubonakala ekubola kwama-molecule. Kodwa-ke, amabutho e-intermolecular anesimo somzimba. Zitholwe nguVan der Waals futhi zibizwa ngegama lakhe.

Isibonelo Esijwayelekile

Ukusebenzisana okuncane emzimbeni kuyingxenye yemodeli ejwayelekile - inkolelo yezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo, echaza isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sendaba, besebenzisa iqoqo lama-equation amahle. Ngokwale modeli, izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo, okungukuthi, okungeke kwahlukaniswa zibe izingxenye ezincane, yizona izakhiwo zomhlaba wonke.

Enye yezinhlayiyana ezinjalo yi-quark. Ososayensi abalindeli ukuthi kukhona okuthile okuncane, kodwa basabheka. Kunezinhlobo eziyisithupha, noma izinhlobo ze-quarks. Sibabeka ngendlela yokukhula okukhulu:

• Okuphezulu;
• Okuphansi;
• Strange;
• Ujabule;
• Kuyajabulisa;
• Iqiniso.

Ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene, zakha izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinhlayiyana ze-subatomic. Isibonelo, amaprotoni ne-neutron-izinhlayiya ezinkulu ze- atomic nucleus -consist of three quarks ngamunye. Lezi ezimbili ezingenhla nezansi zihlanganisa i-proton. I-top kanye neyesibili ephansi yenza i-neutron. Ukushintsha ibanga le-quark kungashintsha iphrotheni ibe yi-neutron, ngaleyo ndlela iguqule into eyodwa ibe yinye.

Olunye uhlobo lwezinhlayiya ezisemqoka yi-boson. Lezi zinhlayiya zithwala ukuxhumana, okubandakanya izinsika zamandla. Ama-photoni ayihlobo olulodwa lwe-boson, i-gluons enye. Ngayinye yale mibutho emine yimbangela yokushintshaniswa kwama-vectors of interaction. Ukuxhumana okunamandla kwenziwa nge-gluon, nokusebenzisana kwe-electromagnetic nge-photon. I-Graviton iyingxenye yokuphatha amandla adonsela phansi, kepha ayitholakalanga.

I-W ne-Z bosons

Ukuxhumana okubuthakathaka kuthathwa ngu-W no-Z bosons. Lezi zinhlayiya zazibikezelwa ngabanqobile beNobel Prize uSteven Weinberg, uSheldon Salam no-Abdus Glashow kule minyaka engama-60 ekhulwini lokugcina, futhi zatholakala ngo-1983 yi-European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN.

I-W-bosons ishaja ngamandla kagesi futhi ichazwe yizimpawu ze-W ⁺ (ngokukhokhiswa kahle) no-W ^- (icala elibi). I-W-boson ishintsha ukubunjwa kwezinhlayiya. Ngokukhipha i-W-boson ephethe umshini wamandla kagesi, amandla abuthakathaka ashintsha ibanga le-quark, aguqule i-proton ibe yi-neutron noma ngokuphambene nalokho. Yilokho okubangela i- fusion ye nyukliya futhi kwenza izinkanyezi zishise.

Lokhu kusabela kudala izakhi ezinzima kakhulu ekugcineni eziphonswa esibhakabhakeni ngokuqhuma okukhulu kwe-supernova ukuze kube yindawo yokwakha amaplanethi, izitshalo, abantu kanye nakho konke okunye emhlabeni.

I-current neutral

I-Z-boson ayithathi hlangothi futhi ithwala njengamanje ukungathathi hlangothi kwamanje. Ukusebenzisana kwalo nezinhlayiyana kunzima ukubona. Ukusesha kokuhlola ama-W-ne-Z-bosons ngawo-1960 kwaholela ososayensi kumbono ohlanganisa amandla kagesi nokubuthakathaka abe yi-electroweak eyodwa. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono wawudinga ukuthi izinhlayiya zokuphatha zingabi nesisindo, futhi ososayensi bazi ukuthi ngokweqile i-W-boson kufanele ibe nzima ukuchaza ibanga layo elifushane. I-Theorists ithi inqwaba ye-W ku-akhawunti yendlela engabonakali ebizwa ngokuthi i-Higgs mechanism, ehlinzekela ukuba khona kwe-boss yase-Higgs.

Ngo-2012, i-CERN ibike ukuthi ososayensi basebenzisa i-accelerator enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni-i-Large Hadron Collider - babona inhlayiya entsha "ehambisana ne-boss yase-Higgs."

Ukubola kwe-Beta

Ukuxhumana okukhululekile kubonakala ku-β-decay - inqubo lapho i-proton iguqulwa ngayo i-neutron futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Kwenzeka uma ku-nucleus ene-neutron amaningi noma amaprotoni, enye yazo iguqulwa ibe enye.

Ukubola kwe-Beta kungenziwa ngeyinye yezindlela ezimbili:

1. Uma kwenzeka ukubola kwe-beta ukubola, ngezinye izikhathi kubhalwa njenge-β ^- ukubola, i-neutron ihlukaniswa iphrotheni, i-antineutrinos, ne-electron.
2. Ukuxhumana okukhululekile kubonakala ekuwohlokeni kwe-atomic nuclei, ngezinye izikhathi kubhalwe ngokuthi i-β ⁺ ukubola, lapho i-proton ihlukaniswa ibe yi-neutron, neutrino, ne-positron.

Esinye sezici singaba esinye lapho enye ye-neutron yayo iphenduka i-proton ngokungafani nokubola kwe-beta, noma lapho enye ye-proton yayo iphenduka i-neutron ngokubola kwe-β ⁺ .

Ukubola kwe-beta kabili kwenzeka lapho ama-proton angu-2 ku-nucleus ngesikhathi esifanayo ashintshela abe yi-neutron amabili noma ngokufanayo, ngenxa yokuthi yi-2 electron-antineutrinos nama-2 beta particles. Kuwohloka we-beta we-double neutrinoless, i-neutrinos ayifaki.

Ukuthuthwa kwe-elekthronikhi

I-proton ingaba i-neutron ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-electron capture noma i-K-capture. Uma kunenombolo ephindaphindiwe yama-proton ku-nucleus ngokuqondene nenani le-neutron, i-electron, njengombuso, iwela ngaphakathi kwe-electron shell ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus. I-electron ye-orbital ithathwa yi-nucleus yomama, imikhiqizo yayo yinkinga yenkosa kanye neutrino. Inombolo ye-athomu ye-nucleus etholakala indodakazi iyancipha ngo-1, kodwa inani lamaprotoni ne-neutron lihlala lifanayo.

Ukusabela kwe-thermonuclear

Ukusebenzisana okuncane kwenza ingxenye yezinto zenuzi - ukusabela okunika amandla elangeni kanye ne-thermonuclear (hydrogen) amabhomu.

Isigaba sokuqala ekuhlanganiseni kwe-hydrogen ukushayisana kwamaprotoni amabili anamandla okwanele ukunqoba ukuhlukunyezwa okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwawo kagesi.

Uma zombili izinhlayiya zihlanganiswa ndawonye, ukuxhumana okuqinile kungazibopha. Lokhu kudala uhlobo olungaqiniseki lwe-helium ( ² He), olunesisindo esinama-proton amabili, ngokungafani nefomu elizinzile ( ⁴ He), elinama-neutron amabili namaprotoni amabili.

Esikhathini esilandelayo, ukuxhumana okubuthakathaka kungena emdlalweni. Ngenxa yobuningi be-proton, omunye wabo uhlaselwa yi-beta. Emva kwalokhu, ezinye izimpendulo, kufaka phakathi ukwakheka okuphakathi nokuhlanganiswa kwe- ³ Yena, ekugcineni ukwakha isiteleka ⁴ Yena.