Ideal negesi Kontanga

Ngaphambi sikhuluma ngalokho kuba ukucindezela i igesi enhle, kufanele acacise lokucuketfwe ngekwako "enhle igesi" umqondo. Umqondo lokhu ephawula imodeli zezibalo, ifomula jikelele kucatshangwa ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa amandla ezingaba futhi kinetic yezinhlayiya uxhumana yokuthi amandla ezingase zibe khona kungaxoxwa dengwane. incazelo Chemico-ngokomzimba ukuthi kulindeleke kuyaqina eliphelele izindonga isitsha, okuyinto igesi, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ibona azinakwa ukubaluleka Luhambo amabutho molecule pulses ukushaya odongeni umkhumbi komunye nomunye.

kuvisisa okushiwo igesi ekahle okunjalo kabanzi kakhulu elisetshenziswa izimo zokuxazulula izinkinga azenzeki igesi wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto.

Ngomqondo ngokomzimba, izinhlobo ezehlukene igesi ekahle: zakudala, ogama izakhiwo zinqunywa yimithetho Mechanics zakudala quantum, ubunjalo elisuselwa izimiso of quantum Mechanics.

I baletha kwesibalo jikelele we-physics enkulu French benua Klapeyron. Uye athuthukiswe kanye nalokho okumele amalungiselelo eziyisisekelo isifundiso igesi ekahle, okuyinto yakha isisekelo yonke kunemibono yanamuhla yokufunda amagesi ahlukahlukene.

Isikhundla ukuqala ngale mfundiso kuphothulwe ngokuthi ingcindezi kuyinto ukubaluleka igesi enhle njalo ngaso imvelo komugqa umthamo yayo kuncike lokushisa. Kuyadingeka ukuba sicabangele ezinye izehlakalo ezizathwini:

- ububanzi okuvezwa igesi molecule encane ukudebeselela nokwamukeleka inani layo;

- ishayela phakathi amangqamuzana angadluliselwa ngesikhathi ukushayisana kuphela, ngaleyo ndlela, kungaba benganakiwe futhi amandla Luhambo phakathi kwawo;

- isamba amandla yezinhlayiya igesi owaziwa njalo ngokungabi bikho ukushisa kanye nomsebenzi owenziwa igesi. Kulokhu, igesi ingcindezi ekahle kuncike isamba ishayela sobukhulu eziqala ku ukungqubuzana amangqamuzana izindonga isitsha.

Phakathi khona izimfundiso ososayensi abaningi wahlanganyela ekutadisheni engokoqobo futhi amakhemikhali igesi, futhi lisondela abaningi kuzo akufani. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi izimfundiso ngokomzimba cabanga Ukwahlukaniswa igesi ekahle ngokwemigomo yemithetho ukuthi ifakwa e ngesisekelo kocwaningo lwakhe physics - Fermi igesi, Bose igesi, kanye nabanye. Ngakho, ngokuvumelana okulingana indlela kubhekwe igesi kanyekanye ukwanelisa imithetho futhi Boyle futhi umthetho Gay-Lussac sika: PV = bt, lapho p - ingcindezi, T - lokushisa ngokuphelele. Ifomula inikeza Mendeleev phezu umqondo ezinde sezindawo: PV = m / M x RT, okuyinto enzelwe: R - igesi njalo, M - mass izinyo lomhlathi, m - mass.

Okungelinye lamabandla okuqala kakhulu athuthukiswe futhi izimfundiso igesi izakhiwo kwaba incazelo izakhiwo kokubili igesi ingcindezi ekahle. Kodwa lo mqondo kwadingeka abanye amaphutha ezihlobene indlela eyodwa emaceleni esifundweni. Ngakho, ngisho kulinganiswa inani ingcindezi asikwazi ukuthola kwemigomo amagugu isilinganiso amandla kinetic ngayinye yezinhlayiya ngabanye, kanye lokuhlushwa la mangqamuzana e bomkhumbi. Ngakho-ke, ipharamitha ngaphezulu ezithile lapho ukusetshenziswa kungaba ukuxazulula le nkinga. Amazinga siphakamisiwe njengendlela yemvelo eliningi kangangokuthi. Lokhu ubuningi scalar e wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto kunikeza umbono lapho isimo ezishisayo kohlelo nokuthi Dynamics yayo. Kodwa ngemcondvo yamagesi izinga lokushisa kubalulekile nokuthi ngisho nezinhlayiya ipharamitha kinetic, ngoba uchaza ukuziphatha yezinhlayiya igesi umkhumbi, futhi ibonisa zabo eziphakemeyo energy kinetic. Lokhu value ubizwa ngokuthi Boltzmann njalo.

Ukuze ifomula beyofuna ingcindezi hhayi ukungena eyinkimbinkimbi wezibalo ephakeme, kubalulekile ukuba eyayenziwe ukwethula ezinye simplifications:

- ifomu zishintshe amelwe ngesimo sphere;

- ibanga phakathi amangqamuzana ukwethula ngokungenamkhawulo enkulu, isinyathelo okukhethekile zamabutho ka Luhambo;

- the velocity yezinhlayiya ukusungula ezingeni okulinganiselwa ku;

- ukwethula odongeni isitsha nakanjani nokunwebeka.

Kule esingaziletha ifomula lapho igesi ingcindezi ekahle kuyoba quotient okunjengalokho bebutho esebenza perpendicular odongeni isitsha, phezu indawo ephindwe phezu okuyinto la mandla izenzo: p = F / S.

Kulezo zimo, uma yokuncishiswa yethu engathathi isinyathelo ukuthola indlela ukushintsha igesi ingcindezi enhle kule ifomula elula kuyodingeka ufake amanani ezengeziwe.