Kuyini i-glucose? Ukuthola i-glucose kanye izakhiwo zalo

Glucose ngolimi lwesiGreki kusho 'emtoti'. Emvelweni, inqwaba butholakala ayo of izithelo izithelo, kuhlanganise juice izithelo zomvini, futhi kungani eyaziwa ngokuthi "ushukela iwayini."

Umlando yokutholakala

Glucose lavulwa ekuqaleni XIX leminyaka IsiZulu udokotela, usokhemisi sefilosofi uWilliam Prout. Njengoba baziwa ketshezi etholwe emva ngo-1819 ngu-Henri Brakkono wayihosha kusukela sawdust.

izakhiwo

Glucose kuyinto nge kungekho nto enemibala emihle crystalline powder bumnandi. Kuyinto kalula oncibilikayo emanzini, kanzulu sulfuric acid, zinc chloride futhi reagent Schweitzer sika.

ukwakheka kwama-molecule

Njengazo zonke monosaccharides, glucose kuyinto ekhuthaza heterofunctional (e-molecule kukhona hydroxyl ngaphezulu kanye neqembu elilodwa carboxyl). Endabeni glucose carboxyl qembu aldehyde.

I jikelele ifomula C6H12O6 glucose. La ma-molecule efana akheke eyindilinga futhi isomers ezimbili kwezendawo alpha ne-beta amafomu. Ngendlela okuqinile isimo evelele-alpha cishe 100%. Ngo isixazululo, kulapho esitebeleni Beta ifomu (kuthatha cishe 60%). Glucose ingumkhiqizo ekupheleni hydrolysis kanye disaccharides poly-, okusho ukuthi, ukulungiselela glucose kwenzeka kunombolo obuqand amacala kunikezwa endleleni.

Ukuthola izidakamizwa

Emvelweni glucose kwakheka izitshalo ngenxa ye-photosynthesis. Cabangela izindlela ezimbonini kanye laboratory ngokukhiqiza i-glucose. Ngo-laboratory, ketshezi kuwumphumela aldol ukufingqa. Ngo umkhakha, indlela evame kakhulu ukukhiqiza glucose yesitashi.

Isitashi - a polysaccharide, okuyizinto molecule monochasti kanye glucose. Okungukuthi, ukuthola kubalulekile ukubola le polysaccharide ku monochasti. kuyinto le nqubo kanjani?

Ukulungiselela of isitashi glucose iqala neqiniso ukuthi isitashi ibekwe endaweni esitsheni yamanzi futhi wabashukumisa (ubisi isitashi). Esinye isitsha amanzi alethwe ngamathumba. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi namanzi abilayo kumele kube kabili ukudlula ubisi isitashi. Ukuze bathole ukusabela glucose owawuse kuze kube sekupheleni, kulethe kuyadingeka. Kulokhu awusebenzelayo hydrochloric noma acid sulfuric. Inani ibalwa sengezwe ethangini lamanzi abilayo. Khona-ke kancane wathela ubisi isitashi. Kule nqubo, kubalulekile ukuba uthole unamathisele, uma konke okufanayo labunjwa, kufanele uqhubeke abilayo kwaze kwaba yilapho zinyamalala wako. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukubila kuthatha isigamu sehora. Ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi isitashi hydrolyzed ngokugcwele, kubalulekile ukuqhuba impendulo qualitative. Esikhathini isampula ekhethiwe ungeze iodine. Uma ketshezi iba nombala oluhlaza, bese hydrolysis akuyona siphelile, futhi uma kuba onsundu ngokuphaphathekile noma abe bomvu ansundu ke isitashi ikhambi ayisekho. Kodwa lokhu isixazululo akuyona kuphela glucose, kwathiwa ethola nge ekwandeni, futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi i-asidi kuyenzeka. Indlela ukususa acid? Impendulo ilula: ngosizo iwukudambisa wokulinganisa okumsulwa kanye zobumba fake sikhuntile.

Neutralization ihlolwe litmus test. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona okufika isixazululo okuholela. Kuyinto encane: okuholela ketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle kufanele shabalala. Zinhlayiya kwakhiwa futhi umphumela sethu sokugcina. Manje cabanga ukuthola glucose yesitashi (ukuphendula).

Chemical kukhona inqubo

Lokhu kwesibalo uvezwa ukuthola glucose Lesisemkhatsini - maltose. Maltose - disaccharide ehlanganisa molecule ezimbili glucose. ibonisa ngokucacile ukuthi izindlela lokuveza glucose yesitashi maltose okufanayo. Lokho, singakwazi ukunikeza kwesibalo elandelayo ngokuhamba ukusabela.

Ekupheleni kufanele afingqa izimo ezidingekayo ukuze bathole i-glucose yesitashi siphumelele.

Okudingeka

• kulethe (hydrochloric acid noma sulfuric acid);
• lokushisa (hhayi ngaphansi kuka-100 degrees);
• ingcindezi (ngokwanele asemkhathini, kodwa ukwanda ingcindezi ngesivinini).

Le ndlela iyona elula, ne isivuno high umkhiqizo wokugcina futhi sakugcina kwamandla. Kodwa 'sasingacebile kuphela. Ukulungiselela glucose iyona cellulose efanayo.

Ulungiselela cellulose

Ingqikithi inqubo cishe ngokuphelele oluhambisana ukusabela odlule.

Ibonisa ukulungiswa glucose (ifomula) ka-cellulose. Empeleni, le nqubo kuyinkinga enkulu namandla kakhulu. Ngakho, i-product abasabela ngayo, iyihlane kusukela umkhakha ukhuni, sichotshozwe ingxenyenamba kabani kuyizinhlayiyana Usayizi 1.1 - 1.6 mm. Lo mkhiqizo iphathwa kuqala nge acetic acid ke i-hydrogen peroxide, bese nge sulfuric acid ezingeni lokushisa hhayi degrees ngaphansana 110, futhi utshwala isilinganiso 5. Isikhathi le nqubo amahora 3-5. Khona-ke, amahora amabili ubabonisa hydrolysis nge sulfuric acid at Igumbi lokushisa bese yotshwala ratio 4-5. Khona-ke buhlanjululwe ngamanzi kanye kombhala amahora cishe unyaka nesigamu.

Izindlela ngenxa yokuzimisela ambalwa of

Njengoba zonke izindlela yokuthola glucose kufanele uhlole izindlela quantification. Kunezikhathi lapho inqubo kufanele bahlanganyele isixazululo equkethe kuphela glucose, isb ketshezi ukuhwamuka inqubo ukuze bathole zinhlayiya - engadingekile. Umbuzo ke iba kanjani ukuba anqume ukuthi yikuphi lokuhlushwa ketshezi isixazululo. Inani etholwe glucose in isixazululo kunqunywa spectrophotometric, polarimetric nezindlela chromatographic. Kukhona isinqumo indlela olucacile - enzyme (nge glucosidase enzyme). Kulokhu ukubala isivele imikhiqizo yesenzo lokhu enzyme.

Ukusetshenziswa glucose

Kwezokwelapha, sebenzisa ukudakwa glucose (lokhu kungaba ukudla okunobuthi noma imisebenzi ukutheleleka). Kulokhu, ikhambi i-glucose iphathwa ngemithambo yegazi nge weThrojani. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ekhemisi glucose kuyinto antioxidant jikelele. Kuyinto futhi indima encane yalolu ketshezi udlala bangabonwa futhi ukuxilongwa ngifundise ngesifo sikashukela. Lapha-glucose uba ukuhlolwa ukucindezeleka.

Esikhathini umkhakha ukudla nokupheka glucose unendima ebalulekile kakhulu. Endaweni ehlukile, kufanele kube ukukhomba indima glucose in iwayini, ubhiya futhi moonshining. Libhekisela indlela njengoba ukuthola Ethanol by ukuvutshelwa glucose. Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe le nqubo.

ukuthola utshwala

Ubuchwepheshe ngokukhiqiza utshwala izinyathelo ezimbili: ukuvutshelwa kanye ziphuzo zazihluzwa. Ukuvutshelwa, esikhundleni salokho, esebenzisa amagciwane. I-biotechnology iye eside ezifuywa nesiko nezilwanyana ezincane ezikuvumela ukuba uthole esiphezulu utshwala isivuno at the aphansi Isikhathi esidlulile. Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke etafuleni imvubelo ezivamile ingasetshenziswa njengendlela umsizi ukuphendula.

Okokuqala, i-glucose buhlanjululwe ngamanzi. Ngo esinye isitsha ezifuywa nezilwanyana ezincane ezisetshenziswa. Okulandelayo, uketshezi etholwe kwakudalwa, ukunyakaziswa futhi ibekwe endaweni esitsheni ne ngamapayipi igesi yokuxhuma. Lokhu tube ixhunywe omunye (U emise). Ngo phakathi tube yesibili ligcwele amanzi lime. Ukuphela tube avalwa ngesivalo zenjoloba nge eziyize ingilazi induku kokuba ukuphela uyalingana.

Lokhu esitsheni ibekwa thermostat ezingeni lokushisa 25-27 degrees izinsuku ezine. I tube turbidity sizoba ne amanzi lime, okubonisa ukuthi usabela nalo-carbon dioxide. Uma-carbon dioxide iyeke ivelele, ukuvutshelwa kubhekwe njengento igcwaliswe. Lokhu kulandelwa isinyathelo ziphuzo zazihluzwa. Ilabhorethri osetshenziselwa ziphuzo zazihluzwa utshwala Reflux - sihamba emanzini abandayo, kanjalo lwaluyophola gas akha kanye nokudlulisela ke emuva amadivaysi uketshezi lapho phezu udonga lwangaphandle.

Kulesigaba uketshezi okungukuthi ngokwesikhundla yethu sishiswa kuze kufinyelele 85-90 degrees. Ngakho ngeke shabalala utshwala, amanzi asilethelwa ngamathumba.

A ezosetshenziswa ukuthola utshwala

Cabangela ukuthola utshwala kusukela glucose kule ndaba yokusabela: C6H12O6 + 2CO2 = 2S2N5ON.

Ngakho, kungenzeka ukuthi kwazeke ukuthi indlela ekukhiqizeni i-ethanol kusuka glucose ulula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it is esintwini eyaziwa amakhulu amaningi eminyaka, baletha cishe ekupheleleni.

Inani glucose in ukuphila komuntu

Kanjalo, njengoba sasinothando ukuqonda ezithile kule ndaba, impahla yayo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali, wasebenzisa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene umkhakha, singaphetha ngokuthi lo glucose. Ukuthola kwakhe aphume polysaccharides, kakade kunikeza ukuqonda okukhululayo, njengoba ingxenye eyinhloko zonke ushukela, glucose iwumthombo ebalulekile yamandla ezikhungweni zokuphehla abantu. Ngenxa yalokho, umzimba we ketshezi kwakhiwa adenosine triphosphate, okuyinto iguqulwe ibe samandla.

Kodwa akubona bonke glucose ongena umzimba womuntu e umthamo wemvula amandla. Esikhathini kokuvusa isimo umuntu enza amaphesenti angu-50 kuphela glucose okuholela ku ATP. Zonke ezinye iguqulwe ibe glycogen futhi aqoqana esibindini. Glycogen libhujiswa kwesikhatsi, ngaleyo ndlela elawula amazinga kashukela egazini. Quantitatively, okuqukethwe yalolu ketshezi emzimbeni - ebonisa ngokuqondile zempilo yayo. On lemali ushukela egazini incike ekusebenzeni kwama-hormone ngesikhathi zonke izinhlelo. Ngakho-ke, kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okweqile ketshezi kungaholela emiphumeleni engathí sina.

Glucose kuyinto unganakile elula futhi kuyaqondakala ukuthi yonke impahla. Ngisho ngokuya chemistry zishintshe zayo akheke elula, futhi izakhiwo amakhemikhali ecacile futhi ajwayelekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, i-glucose kubaluleke kakhulu kokubili ngamunye nazo zonke izici zokuphila kwakhe.