I-War of the Scarlet ne-White Rose: isifinyeto esifushane kanye nokulandelana kwezenzakalo

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVII, isihlalo sobukhosi saseNgilandi sabanjwa nguHenry Tudor womndeni waseLancaster - umsunguli wombuso wamakhosi omusha, owahlala emandleni iminyaka eyikhulu. Lokhu kwakungaphambi kwezingxabano zamanzi ezinamandla phakathi kwezinzalo zamagatsha amabili endlu yasebukhosini yasendulo i-Plantagenet - Lancaster naseYork, eya phansi emlandweni njengoWars of the Roses, incazelo emfushane yomlando yalokho okukhulunywe ngakho kulesi sihloko.

Izimpawu zamaqembu aphikisayo

Kukhona umbono ongalungile wokuthi igama lempi lingenxa yama-roses okusolakala ukuthi likhonjiswe ezingalweni zala mindeni ephikisanayo yobuKristu. Eqinisweni, bebengekho. Isizathu siseqiniso lokuthi, ukuya empini, abasekeli beloyo kanye nenye iqhaza njengesibonakaliso esihlukile esibekwe phezu kwezikhali zabo i-rose-Lancasters - white, futhi abaphikisi babo be-Yorkie - abomvu. Inhle nebukhosi.

Izizathu ezashukumisela ekuchitheni igazi-

Kuyaziwa ukuthi impi ye-Scarlet ne-White Rose yaqala ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezombusazwe okwakhiwa eNgilandi phakathi nekhulu le-XV. Iningi lomphakathi laveza ukunganeliseki ngemiphumela yempi eyikhulu leminyaka futhi ludinga ushintsho oluyisisekelo kuhulumeni. Lesi simo sagxiliswa ukungakwazi ukusebenza kweNkosi yaseLancaster engenakukhubazeka futhi eyayingazi lutho, lapho amandla angempela ayesezandleni zomkakhe, iNdlovukazi uMarguerite, nezintandokazi zakhe eziningi.

Ukuqala kwempi

Ekhanda lophikisana kwakunguMbusi uRichard of York. Inzalo ye-Plantagenets, wayenombono wakhe, amalungelo akhe emqhele. Ngokubamba iqhaza okubambisene kwalowo omele i-White Rose Party, ukuxabana kwezombangazwe kwaze kwaba yilapho sekuyizingxabano zamanzi, enye yazo, ngo-1455 eduze kwedolobha laseSt. Albans, abalandeli bakaDuke bahlasela amabutho asebukhosini. Ngakho kwaqala iminyaka engamashumi amathathu nambili edlule, futhi ichazwe emibhalweni kaTomas More noShakespeare, impi ye-Scarlet ne-White Rose. Isishwankathelo somsebenzi wabo sisithinta isithombe salezo zenzakalo.

Inhlanhla eceleni kophikisana

Ukunqoba okunjalo okukhulu kukaRichard York phezu kweziphathimandla ezisemthethweni kwaqinisekisa amalungu ephalamende ukuthi leli thug kungcono hhayi ukucasula, futhi bamemezela ukuthi ungumvikeli wombuso, futhi uma kwenzeka ukufa kwenkosi - indlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi ngabe lo mbusi uzobe esephuthumise ukufa noma cha, kodwa empini elandelayo namabutho eqembu eliphikisayo wafa.

Ngemuva kokufa komgqugquzeli wempi, ukuphikisana kwaholwa yindodana yakhe, egcwalisa iphupho likayise elide, elikhishwe ngo-1461 ngaphansi kwegama lika-Edward IV. Ngokushesha amabutho akhe agcina ekunciphiseni ukumelana kwamaLancastria, aphinde awahlula e-Battle of Mortimer Cross.

Ukukhashelwa ukuthi iMpi yamaRos ne-White Rose yazi

Isishwankathelo somsebenzi womlando kaT. Mora sidlulisa ukudumazeka okukhulu kokususwa kukaHenry VI nomfazi wakhe onobuqili. Bazama ukubaleka, futhi uma uMargarita ekwazi ukubalekela phesheya kwelinye izwe, umyeni wakhe ompofu wabanjwa futhi waboshwa eMbhoshongweni. Kodwa-ke, inkosi esanda kwenziwa yayisiqala kakhulu ukugubha ukunqoba. Eqenjini lakhe, kwaqala ingxabano, ebangelwa iziphakamiso zokuziqhenya zabathengi abasondelene kakhulu, ngamunye wabo owayefuna ukuthola ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke ekuhlukaniseni izihlonipho nemiklomelo.

Ukungazi lutho kanye nomhawu wabantu abathile be-Yorbans bawafaka ekukhonzeni, ngenxa yalokho umfowabo omncane wenkosi entsha, uDuke Clarence no-Earl waseWarwick, baqondisa yonke imithetho yokuhlonipha, bawela ohlangothini lwesitha. Lapho sebebuthene ibutho elihle, bahlengela uHenry VI owayenomusa kusukela eMbhoshongweni wambuyisela esihlalweni sobukhosi. Kwakuyisikhathi sokubalekela ku-Edward IV, owayelahlekelwe isihlalo sobukhosi. Yena nomfowabo omncane uGloucester bafika ngokuphepha eBurgundy, lapho bejabulela ukuthandwa futhi babe nabasekeli abaningi.

Ukujika okusha kwesakhiwo

Impi ye-Scarlet ne-White Rose, echazwe kafushane nge-Shakespeare enkulu, yalungiselela lesi sikhathi isimanga esingathandeki kumaLancastria. Umfowabo weNkosi uClarence, owayezihlasele phansi ngokuhlambalaza ngokuzithengisa wabe esebuyisela isihlalo sobukhosi kuHenry, efunde ukuthi yiyiphi ibutho elinamandla isihlobo sakhe esibuyela eLondon, saqaphela ukuthi uyashesha. Kwakukhona ukuthi akafuni ukuzitholela emgodini - indawo efanele kunazo zonke zabahlubuki - futhi, njengoba evele ekamu lika-Edward, wamtshela ngokuzisola kwakhe okujulile.

Njengoba sebephinde bahlangana, abafowethu nabalandeli babo abaningi abavela e-Yorkie Party bawachitha kabili amaLancastrians eBarnet naseTewkesberry. Empi yokuqala, iWarwick, yona kanye eyamkhaphela uClarence, yafa, kodwa, ngokungafani nalesi sigaba sokugcina, wayenaso isikhathi sokubuyela enkosini yakhe yangaphambili. Impi yesibili yafakazela ukuthi ibulale iNkosana. Ngakho-ke, umugqa weDynastic we-Lancasters waphazamiseka yimpi ye-Scarlet ne-White Rose eyathatha iNgilandi. Isifinyeto esifushane sezenzakalo ezalandela sinikezwe ngezansi.

Futhi indaba isitshelani ngemicimbi elandelayo?

Ngemva kokuthola ukunqoba, u-Edward IV waphinde wathumela inkosi elalifakwe enqabeni yoMbhoshongo. UHenry VI wabuyela kubantu abajwayele futhi wahlala ngaphambi kwekhamera, kodwa isikhathi eside akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside. Ngonyaka ofanayo nasezigcawini zaseLondon ngokudabuka okukhulu kwamemezela ukufa kwakhe. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi kwakungokwemvelo yini, noma umlutha omusha wamane nje wanquma ukuzisindisa ezinkingeni ezinokwenzeka, kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi umlotha kaHenry VI, owashiya ngesikhathi esaphila ngawo womabili umkakhe nezikhonzi, ubelokhu ephumula ejele laseWesterns Castle. Yini ongayenza, isihlalo sobukhosi sobukhosi ngezinye izikhathi sikhathazekile kakhulu.

Ukuqeda umengameli wakhe kanye nomncintiswano ongase abe khona, u-Edward IV wabusa kwaze kwafika ngo-1483, lapho efa ngokuzumayo ngenxa yesizathu esingacacisiwe. Kwaphela isikhathi esifushane isihlalo sobukhosi sithathwe yindodana yakhe u-Edward, kodwa ngokushesha wasuswa emandleni ngumkhandlu wasebukhosini, njengoba kwakungekho ukungabaza ngobuqiniso bokuzalwa kwakhe. Ngendlela, kwakukhona ofakazi ababethi uyise wasezulwini wazalwa hhayi uMbusi waseYork, kodwa waba yisithelo sothando oluyimfihlakalo lomdonski nomcibisholo omuhle.

Ngakho-ke, empeleni noma cha, akazange angene ngaphakathi, kodwa nje uma isihlalo sobukhosi sendlalifa encane sithathwa, futhi umfowabo weNkosi ephuzile uRichard Gloucester, okhishwe ngaphansi kwegama uRichard III, wakhiwe phezu kwakhe. Ukufa akuzange kumlungiselele iminyaka eminingi yokubusa okuthula. Ngokushesha, ukuphikiswa okucacile nokuyimfihlo kwakhiwa nxazonke esihlalweni sobukhosi, kubethekisa impilo yenkosi nayo yonke amandla ayo.

Ukubuya kwe-Roses

Ingosi yomlando yekhulu le-15 yitshela indlela iMpi yamaRos ne-White Rose yaqala ngayo esikhathini esizayo. Isifinyezo esifingqiwe sezincwadi ezigcinwe kuzo sibonisa ukuthi abameleli abaholayo beLancaster Party bakwazi ukuhlangana kuleli zwekazi ibutho elikhulu, elihlanganisa ikakhulukazi ama-French mercenaries. Eholwa nguHenry Tudor, wafika ngo-1486 ogwini lwaseBrithani futhi waqala indlela yokunqoba eya eLondon. INkosi uRichard III uqobo wayohola ibutho, elaphuma ukuyohlangabeza isitha, kodwa yafa empini yaseBosworth.

Ukuphela kwama-Middle Ages aseYurophu

Impi ye-Scarlet ne-White Rose eNgilandi yayiseduze nokuphela kwayo. Isishwankathelo se-akhawunti kaShakespeare yalezi zenzakalo siphinde sithole isithombe sokuthi, lapho sekufinyelelekile ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezikhethekile zenhloko-dolobha yaseBrithani, u-Tudor wabekwa umqhele ngaphansi kwegama likaHenry VII. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ubukhosi baseLancasty buzimelele ngokuqinile esihlalweni sobukhosi, futhi ukubusa kwabo kwahlala iminyaka eyikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili. Umzamo owodwa wokuzama ukuwudiliza inkosi wathathwa ngo-1487 ngu-Count Lincoln, umshana kaRichard III, owavusa ukuhlubuka, kodwa wabulawa empini elandelayo.

Kucatshangwa ukuthi impi yamaRos and Roses (1455-1487) iyisixhumanisi sokugcina kuma-Middle Ages aseYurophu. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, akuyona nje kuphela inzalo eqondile ye-Plantagenet yasendulo eyabhubhisa, kodwa iningi le-chivalry yesiNgisi. Izinhlekelele eziyinhloko zibeka emahlombe abantu abavamile, okwathi kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka baba yingxenye yezifiso zezepolitiki zangaphandle.