Umkhiqizo eziphilayo kweMvelo

Unyaka ngamunye abantu abangaba ziya ngokuya depletes imithombo kule planethi. Akumangazi ukuthi kungani eminyakeni yamuva nje i ukubaluleka elikhulu ukuhlola indlela imithombo eminingi anganika biocoenosis ethile. Namuhla, ecosystem umkhiqizo kubalulekile lapho ukhetha indlela zokuphatha, njengoba inani imikhiqizo ukuthi ingatholakala kuncike ngokuqondile kwezomnotho umsebenzi abheke ukuthi kungenzeka.

Nazi izindaba main okwamanje ebhekene nososayensi:

• Kungakanani solar energy itholakala kuphi nokuthi ingakanani kufakwe nge izitshalo njengoba kukalwa?
• Kwezinye izinhlobo kweMvelo Yizinga eliphakeme futhi okunikeza iningi ukukhiqizwa eyinhloko?
• Yini izici kukhawulwe inani imikhiqizo eyinhloko endaweni futhi emhlabeni jikelele?
• Uyini kahle ngalo amandla is iguqulwe ngu izitshalo?
• Uyini umehluko phakathi ukusebenza kahle nokwenziwa, ukukhiqizwa ihlanzekile futhi ukusebenza kwemvelo?
• Njengoba isimiso semvelo kuhluke nokukhinyabezeka enanini lomsebenzi noma ivolumu biomass eziphilayo Autotrophic?
• Angakanani amandla iyatholakala kubantu futhi malini sisebenzisa?

Sizozama okungenani ingxenye ukuyiphendula kulesi sihloko. Okokuqala, ake ukubhekana nemiqondo eyisisekelo. Ngakho, umkhiqizo we-ecosystem yinqubo ekuqongeleleni udaba eziphilayo ngezinga elithile. Yini eziphilayo banesibopho lo msebenzi?

Autotrophs futhi heterotrophs

Siyazi ukuthi abanye eziphilayo bayakwazi synthesize amangqamuzana angokwemvelo kusukela kokumethemba wezinto ezingaphili. Zibizwa ngokuthi autotrophs, okusho "self-yokudla". Eqinisweni, i-umkhiqizo kweMvelo kuncike ngokuqondile imisebenzi yabo. Autotrophs wabhekisela abakhiqizi njengoba eyinhloko. Organisms ukuthi ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza yezinhlayiya eziyinkimbinkimbi organic kusuka izinto ezilula wezinto ezingaphili (amanzi, CO2), iningi basonta ekilasini izitshalo, kodwa amakhono efanayo emimoya ezinye amagciwane. Inqubo ngazo synthesize udaba eziphilayo, okuthiwa zamagama photochemical. Njengoba kulula ukuqonda kusukela igama, i-photosynthesis idinga elangeni.

Kufanele futhi usho ngendlela, eyaziwa ngokuthi chemosynthesis. Ezinye autotrophs ikakhulu ezikhethekile amagciwane elingase ukuguqula wezinto izakhi ku organic compounds ngaphandle ukufinyelela elangeni. Kukhona amaqembu amaningana zama-bacterium chemosynthetic e ulwandle namanzi okuphuza, futhi avame ziseZwini ezindaweni nge wokuqukethwe lelisetulu hydrogen sulfide noma nesibabule. Njengoba izitshalo chlorophyll futhi nezinye izinto eziphilayo uyakwazi zamagama photochemical, eziphilayo chemosynthetic - autotrophs. Nokho, isivuno esikhulu semvelo ngokuthi umsebenzi kakhulu kwezimila, ngoba unesibopho ekuqongeleleni ezingaphezu kuka-90% udaba eziphilayo. Chemosynthesis kudlala indima uhlasela ezincane.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, eminingi engokwemvelo bengathola amandla uma kunesidingo, kodwa ukudla nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi heterotrophs. Ngomqondo onabile, bonke bangabafowabo izitshalo ezifanayo (nabo "ukudla" organic ngomumo), izilwane, amagciwane, isikhunta nezinto ezincane eziphilayo. Heterotrophic okubhekiselwa kuzo nangokuthi "abathengi."

Indima izitshalo

Ngokuvamile, elithi "umkhiqizo" kuleli cala libhekisela izitshalo ikhono ukugcina ethile udaba eziphilayo. Futhi lokhu akumangalisi, ngoba isitshalo eziphilayo kuphela Ungakwazi ukuguqula izinto wezinto ku organic. Ngaphandle kwawo, ukuphila ngokwako kule planethi yethu ngeke kwenzeke, ngakho umkhiqizo semvelo kubhekwa nalo mbono. Ngokuvamile, umbuzo sisobala: ngakho lokho eziningi udaba eziphilayo zingaba Thenga izitshalo?

Yini biocenoses kukhona ukuyedlula?

Okumangazayo biocenoses ngokwanele, kodwa izinhlanganisela ezenziwa umuntu hhayi ukuyedlula. Emahlathini, emaxhaphozini, emifuleni ehlathini elikhulu tropical kulesi sici bakude phambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi biocenoses iwukudambisa esiningi ezinobuthi okuyinto, waphinda, awela ubunjalo izinto ezenziwa abantu, kanye ukukhiqiza ezingaphezu kuka-70% e-oxygen eziqukethwe emkhathini kule planethi yethu. By the way, izincwadi eziningi namanje ibonisa ukuthi "yisilulu sokusanhlamvu" ukuyedlula yonke Umhlaba kukhona ulwandle. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa lesi sitatimende ekude kakhulu iqiniso.

"Ocean indida"

Uyazi, ukuqhathaniswa umkhiqizo begazi semvelo wezilwandle nasolwandle? Nge-semi ezingwadule! ingxenye enkulu biomass ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi amanzi izikhala hlala bakha ingxenye enkulu yabamemezeli surface iplanethi sika. Izikhathi eziningi ukusetshenziswa wabikezela kolwandle njengoba umthombo oyinhloko kwezakhi lonke lwesintu eminyakeni ezayo, kungenzeka neze, ngoba zibheke kwezomnotho sincane kakhulu. Nokho, ukusebenza kahle eliphansi lolu hlobo ecosystem neze siyehla ukubaluleka izilwandle ukuphila wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, ngakho kudingeka uvikelwe njengendlela ngokuphelele kungenzeka.

zemvelo zanamuhla zithi amandla ngokugcwele komhlaba wezolimo ikude neligwadulekile, nasesikhathini esizayo sizokwazi ukuthola kubo isivuno esikhulu ngaphezulu. amathemba Special okuphiniwe phezu emasimini elayisi, okunganikeza yingcebo ndaba eyigugu organic ngenxa izici zayo eziyingqayizivele.

ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana umkhiqizo eziphilayo

Ngokuvamile, semvelo kuchazwa umkhiqizo rate ye-photosynthesis kanye ukunqwabelana udaba eziphilayo endaweni biocenosis inikezwe. Lokho mass organic, okudaliwe per unit isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi ukukhiqizwa eyinhloko. Ukuze sikubonise ngezindlela ezimbili: kuphakathi kokuthi e Joules noma isisindo ezomile izitshalo. umkhiqizo Gross ngokuthi ivolumu wadala yayo isitshalo eziphilayo ngoba iyunithi ezithile isikhathi, ngesilinganiso njalo ye-photosynthesis. Kufanele kukhunjulwe nokuthi okunye kwalokhu impahla ngizoya empilweni izitshalo ngokwabo. Konke okunye ke organic - net umkhiqizo eyinhloko yesimiso semvelo. Lokho kuziwa ekudleni heterotrophic, okuhlanganisa nawe nami.

Ingabe ikhona "mkhawulo" ukukhiqizwa eyinhloko?

Ngamafuphi, le "yebo." Ake sibheke kafushane kusebenza kangakanani, isimiso, inqubo ye-photosynthesis. Khumbula ukuthi ukushuba emisebeni yelanga efinyelela emhlabeni, kuxhomeke kakhulu ezinyathelweni okusha esiphezulu amandla okukhipha sici zone enkabazwe. It kunciphisa exponentially njengoba sisondela izingongolo. Cishe isigamu we amandla elanga kuvezwa iqhwa, izilwandle noma ezingwadule, ugxile amagesi emkhathini. Ngokwesibonelo, okwakhiwa ngalo ungqimba lwe-ozone ubamba cishe yonke emisebe ye-UV! Kuphela kwesigamu ukukhanya esiwela amaqabunga izitshalo esetshenziswa ekusabeleni ye-photosynthesis. Ngakho ukuthi umkhiqizo yemvelo kweMvelo - umphumela zokuguqula indima ezingelutho Amandla elanga!

Kuyini production yesibili?

Ngakho, imikhiqizo lesibili okuthiwa consuments ukukhula (ie, amakhasimende) nganoma yisiphi isikhathi esithile. Yiqiniso, umkhiqizo we-ecosystem incike ngezinga elincane okuningi, kodwa yiso kanye lesi biomass udlala indima ebalulekile yokuphila komuntu. Qaphela ukuthi engokwemvelo yesibili bebefanele eceleni ezingeni ngalinye trophic. Ngakho, umkhiqizo ecosystem izinhlobo zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili: zamabanga aphansi naphezulu.

Isilinganiso zokukhiqiza zamabanga aphansi naphezulu

Njengoba ungase ukuqagela, isilinganiso biomass kanye Imininingwane isitshalo mass incane. Ngisho emahlathini nasemaxhaphozini lokhu izinga akuvamile idlula uphawu 6.5%. Izitshalo herbaceous emphakathini, ayanda izinga ekuqongeleleni udaba eziphilayo futhi aba maningi iphutha.

Izinga kumiswa kanye nenani izinto eziphilayo

Ngokuvamile nokukhawulela ngesilinganiso kumiswa izinto ezivela ezintweni eziphilayo umsuka ngqangi incike ngokuphelele isimo apharathasi kwamapulazi izitshalo (PAR). Inani esiphezulu nekusebenta-photosynthesis, okuyinto yafinyelelwa endaweni yokucwaninga, kuyinto 12% of the PAR. Ezimweni zemvelo, ukubaluleka 5% kubhekwa eliphezulu kakhulu futhi cishe ingekho. Kukholakala ukuthi abatholako elangeni emhlabeni ingeqi 0.1%.

Ukusatshalaliswa ukukhiqizwa eyinhloko

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umkhiqizo we-ecosystem yemvelo - ucezu kakhulu Ukuboshelwa yonke indawo kule planethi. Ingqikithi yesisindo sezinto yonke impahla organic esiyingxenye phezu kobuso bomhlaba minyaka komyalelo wokungabi amathani 150-200 bhiliyoni. Khumbula lokho esikushilo mayelana umkhiqizo kwezilwandle ngenhla? Ngakho, 2/3 yalolu ketshezi kwakhiwa izwe! Cabanga nje: giant, oluningi kakhulu ifomu hydrosphere kancane kathathu organic kuka ucezu ezincane komhlaba, bakha ingxenye enkulu yabamemezeli okuyizinto ogwadule!

Angaphezu kuka 90% anqwabelene udaba eziphilayo e ngandlela-thile kuziwa ekudleni eziphilayo heterotrophic. Kuphela ingxenye encane amandla elanga egcinwe ngesimo inhlabathi humus (kanye uwoyela namalahle, ukwakheka okuyinto ngisho namuhla). On insimu lenzuzo ukukhiqizwa eyinhloko yezwe lethu ezisukela 20 kg / ha (eduze ne-Arctic Ocean) ukuba abangaphezu kuka-200 kg / ha eCaucasus. Ezindaweni eziwugwadule, lesi silinganiso ingeqi 20 c / ha.

Ngomqondo onabile, cishe ncamashí emazwekazini amahlanu zezwe lethu umfutho efudumele zokukhiqiza, cishe: eNingizimu Melika izimila aqoqana nezikhathi mkhulu nesigamu ndaba ezomile, ngenxa izimo esihle sezulu. Kukhona umkhiqizo yemvelo kanye nemvelo yokufakelwa esiphezulu.

Lokho kunikeza amandla abantu?

Cishe eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,4 zamahektare phezu iplanethi yethu emasimini ezitshalwa umuntu izitshalo ezisinika ukudla yakho. Kuyinto - 10% imvelo nezinto eziphila kule planethi. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa ukukhiqizwa uhhafu wathola samaqanda ukudliwa abantu. Zonke ezinye isetshenziswa njengoba feed for imfuyo futhi izidingo emkhakheni (a UKUKHIQIZA non-ukudla). Ososayensi baye eside okuzwakalisa inhlabamkhosi: umkhiqizo kanye biomass kweMvelo iplanethi yethu anganikeza akukho ngaphezu kuka-50% of the izidingo isintu amaprotheni. Uma sikubeka kalula, nengxenye yabantu abasemhlabeni wonke uhlala nemibandela ezingamahlalakhona amaprotheni ukuntula.

Biocenosis-Champions

Njengoba sishilo kakade, umkhiqizo enkulu zinezikhathi amahlathi enkabazwe. Cabanga nje ngalokhu: ku ehektheleni omunye emphakathini emvelweni uzisibekele amathani angaphezu kuka-500 ndaba ezomile! Futhi lokhu akuyona umkhawulo. EBrazil, isibonelo, omunye ehektheleni ihlathi ukhiqiza amathani phakathi 1,200 futhi 1,500 (!) Of udaba eziphilayo ngoba ngonyaka! Cabanga nje ngalokhu: per imitha square ezimbili quintals organic! Ngo emathafeni kwakheka kwi endaweni okufanele ngabe ezingaphezu kuka 12 m, kanye aphansi namaphakathi strip amahlathi - ngaphakathi 400 m Lokhu ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa imfuyo amapulazi labo izingxenye :. Ukukhiqiza ecosystem yokufakelwa ensimini umoba, okungase buthelela izimpahla ezingamathani angu-80 ndaba ezomile amahektha izitshalo ikuphi ngeke emzimbeni. Nokho, ukuhluka amatheku yabo Orinoco, Mississippi, kanye ezinye indawo Chad. Lapha, ngoba ngawo kanye unyaka semvelo "ukunikeza" izimpahla ezingamathani angu-300 impahla ehektheleni!

Imiphumela

Ngakho, ukuhlola umkhiqizo kumele kwenziwe ngokunembile ketshezi eyinhloko. Iqiniso lokuthi imikhiqizo yesibili akuyona ngaphezulu kuka-10% kwaleli nani, inani layo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, ngakho ukwenza ukuhlaziywa eningiliziwe yaleli inkomba akunakwenzeka.