Isici esinciphisa umsebenzi obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo: ukukhanya, amanzi, izinga lokushisa

Ngokuqinisekile, ngamunye wethu waphawula ukuthi izitshalo zezinhlobo ezifanayo zikhula kahle kanjani ehlathini, kodwa ezindaweni ezivulekile bazizwa zizimbi. Noma, isibonelo, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo zinabantu abaningi, kanti ezinye zilinganiselwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezibonakala zifana. Zonke izinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni ngandlela-thile zilalela imithetho nemithetho yazo. Bacwaninga imvelo. Enye yezinkulumo eziyisisekelo ngumthetho we-Liebig ubuncane (ukulinganisa isici).

Isici esinqumayo semvelo: kuyini?

Isazi samakhemikhali saseJalimane nomsunguli we-agrochemistry, uProfesa Justus von Liebig, wenza izinto eziningi ezitholakalayo. Omunye wodume kakhulu futhi owaziwayo ukutholakala komthetho oyisisekelo wemvelo: into ebinganiselwe. Yakhiwe ngo-1840, futhi kamuva yafakwa futhi yenziwa nguShelford. Umthetho uthi kunoma yiziphi izinto eziphilayo, into ephawulekayo yiyona ehlubuka kakhulu ngokubaluleka kwayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba khona kwesilwane noma isitshalo kuncike ekungenikeni kwenkulumo (ubuncane noma ngaphezulu) kwesimo esithile. Abantu bakhona kuzo zonke izimpilo zabo ngezici ezihlukahlukene zokunciphisa.

"I-Barrel of Liebig"

Isici esinciphisa umsebenzi obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo kungase kuhluke. Umthetho owenziwe kuze kube yilolu suku usetshenziselwa ngokugcwele kwezolimo. I-Yu Libich yasungula ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo kuxhomeke ekutheni imithi yamaminerali (izakhi), i-weakenedly in the soil. Isibonelo, uma i-nitrogen enhlabathini ingama-10% kuphela okujwayelekile okudingekayo, kanti i-phosphorus ingama-20%, ngakho-ke isici sokunciphisa ukuthuthukiswa okuvamile kungukuntuleka kwezinto zokuqala. Ngakho-ke, umquba we-nitrogen kufanele uqale ukungena emhlabathini. Incazelo yomthetho yayichazwe ngokucacile futhi ngokucacile kulokho okuthiwa "umgodi weLiebig" (okufanekiselwe ngenhla). Ingqikithi yayo ikhona ukuthi lapho umkhumbi ugcwele, amanzi aqala ukuthulula emaphethelweni lapho kukhona ibhodi elifushane kakhulu, futhi ubude besikhathi esisele asisabalulekile.

Amanzi

Lesi sici sinobunzima kakhulu futhi sibalulekile ngokuqhathanisa nabanye. Amanzi - isisekelo sokuphila, njengoba idlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yeseli ngayinye kanye nayo yonke inyama yonke. Ukulondoloza inani lazo ezingeni elifanele kungenye yemisebenzi esemqoka yomzimba kwanoma isiphi isitshalo noma isilwane. Amanzi njengento ebangela ukunciphisa umsebenzi wokuphila ngenxa yokusabalalisa okungalingani kwamanzi okuthungatha phezu koMhlaba phakathi nonyaka. Ngendlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zashintsha ekusetshenzisweni kokonga kwezomswakama, okuhlangenwe nakho kwesikhathi esomile esimweni se-hibernation noma ukuphumula. Lesi sici siboniswa ngokujulile emahlane nasemasimini aphansi, lapho kunqabile khona futhi imifula nezilwane eziyingqayizivele.

Ukukhanya

Ukuza ngesimo semisebe yelanga, ukukhanya kunikeza zonke izinqubo zokuphila emhlabeni. Ukuphila ubude bawo, ubude bezenzo, ukuqina kwemisebe kubalulekile. Kuncike kulezi zinkomba, i-organicism iyazivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo. Njengesici esinqande, sichazwa ikakhulukazi ekujuleni kolwandle olukhulu. Isibonelo, izitshalo ekujuleni kwamamitha angu-200 azisekho. Kanye nokukhanyisa lapha, "sebenzisa," okungenani izici ezimbili ezithize: ukucindezelwa nokuhlushwa kwe-oxygen. Lokhu kungaqhathaniswa namahlathi ashisayo aseSouth America, njengendawo enhle kakhulu yokuphila.

Ukushisa okukhulu

Akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi zonke izinqubo zomzimba ezenzeka emzimbeni zixhomeke ekushiseni kwangaphandle nangaphakathi. Futhi iningi lezinhlobo zishintshelwa uhla oluncane (15-30 ° C). Ukuthembela ikakhulukazi ezinhlobonhlobo ezingenakuzimela ngokuzimela ukushisa komzimba, isibonelo, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo (izilwane ezihuquzelayo). Ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezimo ezivumelanisiwe eziye zakhiwa ezivumela umuntu ukuba anqobe lokhu okulinganiselwe. Ngakho-ke, ukuqhuma kwamanzi esimweni esishisayo ukuze ugweme ukushisa kakhulu ezitshalweni kuqiniswa ngokusebenzisa iziqu, ezilwaneni - ngokusebenzisa isikhumba kanye nesimiso sokuphefumula, kanye nezici zokuziphatha (ukufihla emthunzini, emagumbini, njll).

Ukungcola

Ukubaluleka kwesici se- anthropogenic akunakunqunywa. Amakhulu ambalwa eminyaka edlule womuntu abekwe uphawu lokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwembonini. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ukukhishwa okulimazayo emzimbeni wamanzi, inhlabathi nasemkhathini kwanda izikhathi eziningana. Ukuze uqonde, yikuphi okuvimbela lokhu noma uhlobo olunjalo, kungenzeka kuphela ngemuva kokucwaninga. Lesi simo sichaza ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zezifunda noma izifunda ngayinye zishintshile ngaphesheya kokuqaphela. Izinhlaka zishintsha futhi zishintshashintsha, ezinye ziyashintshwa abanye.

Konke lokhu - izici eziyinhloko ezikhawulela ukuphila. Ngaphezu kwabo, kunezinye eziningi, ezingenakwenzeka ukuba zibalwe. Inhlobo ngayinye ngisho nomuntu ngamunye, ngakho-ke izici ezikhawulayo zizohluka kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-trout, iphesenti yomoya-mpilo oqhekekile emanzini ibalulekile, ngoba izitshalo - ukubunjwa okulinganiselwe nokwenyuka kwezinambuzane ezinambuzane, njll.

Zonke izinto eziphilayo zinezikhawulo ezithile zokukhuthazela kulokhu noma lokho okubalulekile. Ezinye zazo zikhulu kakhulu, ezinye zinezinto ezincane. Kuye kule nkomba kuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-eurybionts ne-stenobionts. Abangaphambili bangakwazi ukubekezelela ukuphakama okukhulu kwe-oscillation yezici ezihlukahlukene ezikhawulayo. Isibonelo, i- fox ejwayelekile, ehlala kuyo yonke indawo esuka ezintabeni eziya ehlathini, izimpisi, njll. Ama-Stenobionts, ngokuphambene nalokho, akwazi ukubhekana nokushintshashintsha okuncane kakhulu, afaka cishe zonke izitshalo zamahlathi emvula.