White zidlamlilo (Ak Orda) - okukodwa ezingxenyeni ezimbili ngokuthi iGolden zidlamlilo

Ephakathi - ngesikhathi kumiswa bezizwe nabanezizinda kumiswa wekuba sive sabo. Le nqubo ejwayelekile hhayi nje ngobe kutawutfutfukisa amazwe aseYurophu, kodwa futhi ngoba Asian. AmaMongol Empire of Genghis Khan, adalwe kuye ngesikhathi esifushane, wabusa nezwekazi Eurasia phezu iminyaka engamakhulu amabili.

Ngemva kokuwa yayo kwesokunxele tahulumende eziningana, enye yazo - White zidlamlilo. Ngo kwaba ngemva kwezikhathi zokulotshwa Mongol insimu yalo kwaba inqubo ubunye sezizwe zakwa abayimizulane kanye umzimba, ngaleyo ndlela laying izisekelo Kazakh isizwe yesimanje.

Ukukala, isizwe, imfundo isimo

Igama elithi "ibutho" ajwayelane bonke esikoleni. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso eziningi izehlakalo ezinkulu zalezi zikhathi emlandweni Russian XIII-XV eminyaka. Kwaphela isikhathi eside izikhulu Russian baphoqeleka ukuba ngincome khans iGolden zidlamlilo - amaMongol-Tatar State, usesikhundleni nsimu enkulukazi.

Lokhu isinqamu yombuso zikaGenghis Khan ayesuka Aral Sea ukuze kweBlack Sea Iran eziNtabeni Zase-Ural. thina nje kusho imfundo yomphakathi izizwe Turkic ngokuvamile kakhulu igama elithi "ibutho". Nokho, kunezinye ngokujulile ukubaluleka kwaso.

Ngokwesibonelo, iqulo - indawo ukuhlangana ezihlobene izizwe ayimizulane futhi ayimizulane ngokwabo, ibutho noma ibhidi Khan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiRashiya izwi Turkic ekugcineni bathola mfanekiso ephethe tinge ezimbi. Ngakho, isixuku angahlelekile noma izixuku ngokungahlelekile sivamile ukubiza lezi zidlamlilo.

Kungani Igolide?

Ngo-1206, abameleli bezizwe-Mongolian akhethwe kwekhanda labo uTemüjin. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uye akhethwa isikhathi esibhakabhakeni, Waba uGenghis Khan. Ukuze engamashumi amabili ezayo, negama lakhe liyakuthiwa ngovalo abantu Asia naseYurophu.

Ngokwenkolelo-Mongolian, ngesikhathi impilo uGenghis Khan ihlukaniswe emazweni ayenqotshiwe phakathi kwamadodana akhe. Inkosazana wabo, Jochi, kwaba unala ngobukhulu ulus isikhungo Lower iVolga esifundeni.

Kamuva, endaweni yase yaziwa ngokuthi i-Golden zidlamlilo. imingcele bakhona okukhulunywe ngaye ngaphambili kulesi sihloko, ekugcineni wanquma ngemva kwalowo mkhankaso Sasentshonalanga Batu, indodana ka Jochi, ngofaka nabo 1236-1242 GG.

Kukhona nemibono eziningana ngemvelaphi igama zolotaya Orda. Lona ikakhulukazi isiko lasendulo ukuthi inzalo ka-Genghis Khan babizwa ngokuthi "igolide bomdabu".

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Ibn Battuta medieval isihambi arabic kuqashelwe ukuthi ematendeni khans camera zezinhlangothi esiliva zegolide. Ngakho, imfundo yomphakathi kakhulu ungase uthole igama lakhe.

Nokho, kukhona umbono wesithathu ukuthi zolotaya Orda ngemva kokuwa amaMongol umbuso uGenghis Khan kwaba maphakathi, okungukuthi, "segolide", noma isikhundla maphakathi.

White, futhi Blue

Ngo zemihla medieval East, eyaqala wokubusa bakwa-Jochi, igama elisha: Ak Orda futhi Kok Orda. Phakathi nale minyaka emibili eminyaka, izazi-mlando niphikisana amagama futhi indawo zalamaqembu.I indawo, kanye kumiswa Golden zidlamlilo.

Kuze kube manje, ne okungenzeka elikhulu noma elincane kungashiwo wagomela ukuthi ubunikazi sabiwa amadodana akhe Jochi zidlamlilo-Edzhen futhi Sheibani. Eyokuqala kwakuyincwadi Irtysh, Rivers Seven nezindawo asemaqeleni eduze izintaba futhi Ulutau Kentau. Lokhu ulus ngokuthi Ak (mbala omhlophe) zidlamlilo.

Sheibani ngofuzo emaqeleni Aral, ephakathi kwemifula Yaik, sifinyelela engezansi Syr Darya. impahla yakhe nabizelwa Kok (Blue) zidlamlilo. Noma kunjalo, siphawula ukuthi ukwaziswa okungokomlando okuncane futhi iphikisana ngokuvamile sitolikwa ososayensi ngendlela ephambene.

Ngakho-ke, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi zidlamlilo ulus Edzhena okuthiwa sinyaya Orda, kuyilapho White Sheibani ubusa. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa ubunikazi yokugcina ekhulwini XIV banamathela ezweni umfowabo omdala. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi isimo omusha obizwa ngokuthi i-Ak Orda, matasa cishe yonke indawo yakwa-Kazakhstan yesimanje.

Ubufakazi mlando Russian

Njengoba yaziwa, lo Rus medieval yabekwa Ukuhlasela okuphindaphindiwe Golden zidlamlilo. Emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke inkathi wahlala basho njengoba kuphangwa ngokwabo, futhi uthi angomakhelwane. Ikakhulu, amathuluzi asetshenziswayo ngokuphindiwe wathola igama sinyaya Orda.

Umthombo kusuka eyayikhanga ukunakwa mlando, kwakukhona izindaba amanxusa Russian abavakashele uSarayi - inhloko-dolobha Golden zidlamlilo. Kubikwe ulwazi lwabo, kuhlanganise idatha ezingacacile womhlaba, babegcina ethubeleza encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi igama elithi White zidlamlilo, kunokusebenza okwesibhakabhaka, ayitholakali zemihla ephakathi. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi insimu yalo ngaleso sikhathi Umncele principalities Russian.

Ezemfundo isimo

History of the White zidlamlilo umsuka ekhulwini XIII., Lapho Jochi Ulus phakathi kwamadodana akhe. Lo mkhuba maqondana inkululeko ngo Edzhena amadala nenzalo yakhe kwavela cishe ngokushesha.

Lapha siqu uhlelo intela yadalwa, yamatlege isimo, sekusungulwe ngeposi, akamukeli lenxusa angaphandle, zemali kubalwa. Nokho, ukuzibusa ngokugcwele kuhulumeni ulus Edzhena kwaba kuphela ngemva kokuwa Golden zidlamlilo.

Ngo ekhulwini XIV White zidlamlilo matasa insimu enkulu kusukela Irtysh kuya Syr Darya nokusuka Tyumen ukuze Karatau. It lalakhiwe ngezizwe abakhuluma Turkic nenzalo yamukeleke ngenxa yamaMongol. Ulimi olusemthethweni baba Kypchak-Kazakh. Enhloko-dolobha, kwaba Sygnak, kwaba izinga Khan nempi based.

Izigaba Development Political

Ngokuvamile, kukhona izinkathi ezintathu emlandweni White zidlamlilo. Eyokuqala ihlanganisa iminyaka kusukela 1224 kuze 1250, okungukuthi, kusukela yaqala ukuba khona, futhi kuze kube isikhathi lapho ababusi bendawo wahlala ilawulwe khans iGolden zidlamlilo.

Isikhathi sesibili yinde kunazo - 1250 futhi 1370 iminyaka. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-White zidlamlilo uye wafuna ukuthola inkululeko, bagxambukela embangweni internecine bakahulumeni omkhulu. Ekugcineni wakwazi nganoma Urus Khan, ukwehlukanisa ngokuphelele ubunikazi kwabo Golden zidlamlilo.

Wokugcina, esikhathini wesithathu (1370-1410 GG.) Make isimo kwelanga. Ekupheleni kwe-XIV ekhulwini Timur, le Emir Omkhulu, futhi Golden shoka them Khan Tokhtamysh kuthathwe eziningi imikhankaso nolaka ngokumelene White zidlamlilo.

Ukuchitha yemibango yangaphakathi buthaka lwamakhosi elibusayo, okuholela wokugoqa ongenakugwenywa isimo. Eminyakeni kwekhulu xv ensimini ka White zidlamlilo 20 kwamiswa Abulhairskoe Khanate kanye Nogai zidlamlilo.

isakhiwo zomphakathi-nezokuphatha White zidlamlilo

amandla Ephakeme isimo omelelwa Khan - luka-zidlamlilo Edzhena, umzukulu uGenghis Khan. Wancika labasetulu esikhulu ayimizulane - zezizwe nangemindeni. Esigabeni esilandelayo emirs yezenhlalakahle matasa, beys, uSharayi, Bahadur nabanye. Abayimizulane Ordinary yalungisa abantu ngokuthi "Karash".

Insimu White zidlamlilo lahlukaniswa laba fiefdoms, kwaholela oglanami. Emadolobheni ezifana Sauran, Sygnak, Zharkent, Iasy, ithuthukiswe obuciko ukuhweba. Nakuba ayimizulane ziklabe izindawo ngokusemthethweni baqhubeka kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele impahla ohlanganyelwe, kodwa eqinisweni kwakungekaNkulunkulu kwamadoda asebukhosini, wona ephethwe emihlambi emikhulu.

Ubuhlobo umhlaba kancane kancane waqala ukubusa ifa isitifiketi isipho fomu. Feudals etholwe njengesipho esivela khans umhlaba njengoba ukuqashelwa sokunconywa ekhethekile, ikakhulukazi ezempi. Oglala nababusi abusa emadolobheni okungalungile noma izifunda ngemvume zokuphatha esenana kwahulumeni ezempi. Ngo XIV-XV eminyaka, Uthole isipho izwe laqala ukuba ngofuzo.

Mark emlandweni Kazakhstan

Mongol ukunqoba abantu asemaqeleni kwadingeka nomphumela ezinye omuhle. Njengoba kuhilela kumiswa isimo eyodwa guqula elihambisana izimo zomlando entsha.

Ngemva kokuwa kombuso ka-Genghis Khan zolotaya Orda (White zidlamlilo, njengenye yezingxenye zayo) iye yaba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni kwamaqembu ezinhlanga abahlala ensimini ka Kazakhstan yesimanje. Empeleni, lokhu kwaba isinyathelo esilandelayo maqondana ukwakheka kwesizwe Kazakh.

Ubufakazi lokhu kudalwa isimo lalo. Ngokushesha eNgophezukonke Kazakh Khanate (xv ekhulwini) kwamiswa emva kokuwa Ak Orda ku insimu yalo.