Ubani wathola Alaska? Ukutholakala Alaska

Alaska - inhlonhlo, okuyinto libhekene nesimo sezulu esibandayo. Summers zimfushane, kodwa kukhona izinsuku ezanele efudumele. Isikhathi ebusika elinesimo yesithwathwa enamandla kakhulu. Kodwa akusho ukuthi lokhu iyayithusa ophilayo isikhathi eside ezweni le Aleuts futhi Eskimo kanye namaNdiya apataski, mina noHeidi tinklitov. Alaska - kungcono indawo emangalisayo enhle. Kukhona echibini cacisa amanzi abandayo, emifuleni eside, izintaba iqhwa-eneziqongo wobuhle emangalisayo, amasimu engapheli nezimfunda. Lawa ukubukwa kwavulela phambi bamazwe bokuqala abake ngamagama ashubile wathutha ezijulile nhlonhlo. Alo, ngubani-Alaska evulekile?

Ikhaya version

Kukhona inguqulo eyisisekelo kuvulwa Alaska futhi ubani owalubhada, kodwa kukhona nezinye izinketho eziningi kuyo. Nokho, isiqinisekiso ezinye izinguqulo abekho.

Alo, ngubani-Alaska evulekile? Vitus Bering Jonassen - eyaziwa itilosi, isikhulu lasolwandle isiRashiya, ozalwa Agasti 12, 1681 ku Denmark, kodwa inhliziyo njalo wayevela Russia. Kuthathwa iphayona Alaska. Ngo 1741, umhloli wamazwe odumile wathola futhi iqoshwe kumephu Peninsula, etholakala eNyakatho Melika. Le ndawo waqanjwa Alaska. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iminyaka eyishumi nantathu aze wayengeke abone nhlonhlo ngenxa yenkungu esindayo. Bering injabulo enkulu lokhu okutholakele akazange alethwe. Ukhwekhwe is maduze alethwe owathola ethuneni. Kwathi ngo-December 19, 1741 lapho ayezifundile iziqhingi, okuye ogama lakhe behlonipha bakhe kamuva.

Njengoba Alaska uwuvule 1741, namuhla yaziwa mlando amakhadi ezintathu. Babedalelwene ku 60s kwekhulu XVI. Amabalazwe bonisa yonke imininingwane futhi imininingwane ugu lweNyakatho Alaska iBering Strait, owawuke ngokuthi Aniane.

Lolu hambo lokuqala

Ukuphendula umbuzo mayelana nokuthi ubani ivuliwe Alaska, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi 1648, uhambo eholwa Semenom Dezhnevym futhi Fedorom Popovym waqhubeka nohambo lwabo kusukela soMfula Kolyma. Balibangisa ngokusebenzisa iBering Strait. Nokho, babevakashela Alaska noma cha - alaziwa.

On ekutadisheni indawo eseduze Melika, ngisho uPetru. Lokhu kwenzeka ngonyaka ka-sokufa kwakhe (1725). Wabhala imiyalelo Vitus Bering elizimisele ngomkhumbi eKamchatka, ukwakha imikhumbi eziningana ukuhamba nabo ngokusebenzisa strait nasenyakatho ukuthola lokuvala esikhundleni eKamchatka nge ogwini American. Ngaphezu kwalokho, itilosi kwadingeka ukudweba imephu yendawo. Kodwa, ngeshwa, lo mkhankaso wokuqala akuphumelelanga. Ngenxa esindayo inkungu Bering akakwazanga ukubona lutho.

Ukukhuluma ngokuthi ngubani Alaska evulekile, liphinde Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi olunye uhambo eliholwa Mihailom Gvozdevym Umdabuli nomsizi Itilosi Ivanom Fedorovym wahlamba kulolo hlangothi emkhunjini "St Gabriel" ngo-1732. Agasti 21 amatilosi wasondela engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye-Alaska. On amabalazwe zanamuhla Cape iPrince of Wales. Kodwa yokuphumula kwengaphansi yonyawo ogwini bona bavinjelwa amagagasi anamandla.

A umzamo wesibili ukufunda ezweni

Ngemva konyaka, uhulumeni waseRussia usiyale Bering ukuya e yesibili eKamchatka uhambo. Ngo 1734 efika Yakutsk, lapho iminyaka eminingi kuvuna esitokisini ikusasa umkhankaso futhi nezingxoxo ubushiqela sendawo, ngoba ngaphandle kwabo akusebenzi. Nakuba eRussia, ukuze uqale okuthile, kwadingeka bonke abantu ezibalulekile ukugwazela. Kodwa iBering, umuntu oye isikhathi eside kangaka kuleli zwe, akazange wafunda ke. Noma umane ungafuni.

Kuphela 1740, ababili iphakethe-izikebhe ngaphansi kokuqondisa Commander Alekseya Chirikova uhambo ngomkhumbi Okhotsk endaweni Avacha Bay, lapho afike achitha khona ebusika. Ukutholakala Alaska kanye Russian ngabe akwenzekanga ukube Behring akafunanga ezweni wasenganekwaneni Gama. Lokho manje nje ukuqondana kwezinto.

Yini ekhangwa Peninsula?

Lokho iqukethe umlando Alaska? imikhumbi emibili kuqonde Melika Juni 4, 1742. Kodwa futhi, inkungu kanye isiphepho oqinile nzima isimo. Futhi ngo-June 20 imikhumbi bahlakazekela bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene kanye walahleka. Ngemva kwalokho, baqhubeka ngomkhumbi wedwa. Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi lolu uhambo, owokuqala owalubhada ezweni Alaska sezitshalo Georg Steller. Futhi ngemva kosuku olulodwa, Juni 16, 1741, amazwe nhlonhlo futhi wabona ukuba "Saint Peter". Ukubuyela kusukela kule uhambo ucwaningo lapho isibuyele eRussia, ababengaphesheya abantu isikebhe ukutshelwa ophilayo emanzini asogwini Alaska ulwandle imithini - Kalani. noboya wabo quality enhle kakhulu. Wabalwa okokusebenza ezibizayo kakhulu emhlabeni. Nguye nomthelela yokuthi umlando Alaska yaziwa abaningi alabo ababefuna ukuceba.

Futhi enhlonhlweni, kwatholakala igolide. Ngemva kwalokho waqala Gold Rush. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa esikhathini kusuka 1896 kuya 1897. Kwakuthinta ngalesi sikhathi, igolide nazo ezitholakala Klondike, kuya Canadian Yukon Territory. Enethemba uthole esheshayo ocebile nezinkulungwane abafuna sesidlulela Pacific Northwest ne-Alaska.

Ukulahlekelwa amatilosi ezimbalwa

Eyokuqala wahlamba ekhuphuka agudle ugu, inhlonhlo ye iphakethe "St Paul," ngaphansi kokuqondisa Chirikov. Kodwa akazange athathe indawo ngenxa nje kwamanzi angajulile aleli yokutholakala Alaska. Ukaputeni wathumela emkhunjini, yena kanye uzimisele, kodwa yanyamalala unomphela. Zindla kancane, wafika esiphethweni sokuthi isikebhe nje ubuhlungu. Ngakho, esinye isikebhe sithunyelwe. Iqembu wathumela master-Caulker. Kodwa, ngeshwa, futhi leli qembu liye yanyamalala unomphela. Sekukonke Chirikov elahlekile abantu abahlanu. Kokuba eze isinqumo ukubuya ekhaya badideke ngokuphelele nokungaqiniseki, izikhulu "St Paul" emhlanganweni.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile kwaba sobala ukuthi amatilosi ulahlekile bathunjwa by izakhamuzi zendawo. Zaziphila. Abaningi babo ngisho ashadile ukuba ngumuntu wakwelinye izwe. Ngemva kwalokho, baze enikeziwe ithuba lokuba abaseSpain, ukuthatha amaphepha okuba yisakhamuzi, kodwa la madoda ngeqholo ememezela ukuthi zingabantu Russian.

Ukwehluleka wajaha amatilosi yonke indawo

Lo mkhumbi "Saint Peter" bafinyelela izinga elingakaze Alaska ngo-June 6, kodwa Behring ogulayo futhi ayikwazanga hamba waya ogwini ngenxa yokugula kwakhe. Futhi indlela emuva sasiwumsebenzi nzima kakhulu. Itilosi ngamunye ngamunye babulawa ukhwekhwe. Leso sichotho sashiya kukhalwa ilethe umkhumbi ku ethekwini kwesinye seziqhingi, lapho wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi kwakudingekile ukuze uhlale ubusika. Lapha, umkhuzi wawo wafa (Dec 6).

Linda out amatilosi ebusika enkulu yalokho okusalayo we "Saint Peter" isitsha, wakha umkhumbi entsha. Kodwa abantu 75 asinda 35. Owafayo abaningi ngesikhathi hambo, futhi abanye ebusika. Ngakho-ke, kuya ogwini zaseKamchatka ithole abantu 35 kuphela.

Ngakho ubani efika esiqhingini?

Kodwa eNtshonalanga bakholelwa ukuthi kokutholakala Alaska eyayiholwa Steller. Kukholakala ukuthi nguye kuqala wabona esiqhingini ubuhle obukhulu bomthombo nezintaba ezilele iqhwa eneziqongo. Ngemva kwalokho, ayenakho isifiso ukuqhubeka nezifundo zabo ngqo kule nhlonhlo. Kodwa induna isitsha V Behring wayehlela okunye. Yayala ukuba ubuyele emuva. Steller akazange asijabulele lesi sinqumo futhi waphoqelela ukuba Behring wamnika okungenani amahora ambalwa ukuhlola kayak isiqhingi, lapho umkhumbi ngakho kwadingeka ukuba ayeke ubuyise imithombo yamanzi.

izinguqulo ezintsha

Kukhona inguqulo yalesi ukuthi Alaska kwatholakala baseYurophu. State babevakashela Agasti 21, 1732. Kuyinto indlela yokwakheka isikebhe "St Gabriel" ngaphansi kokuqondisa Surveyor MS Gvozdev no-Ivan fedotov umsizi Itilosi ku mikhankaso AF Shestakov futhi DI Pavlutsky. Ukubhukuda wawuqala 1729 kuya 1735. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona futhi ulwazi mayelana nokufika kwabantu Russian eMelika ekhulwini XVII.

Kukhona enye inguqulo yososayensi, othi namaphayona Alaska babe abazingeli laseSiberia - okhokho iningi bomdabu wamaNdiya aseMelika, ngubani esikhathini glacial waya enyakatho, abazingeli mammoth. Izakhamuzi zasendulo iyiswe Americas nge iBering Strait. Ngalezo zinsuku, kwakunjengokungathi kuyisifo omkhulu ice ibhuloho elalisemagcekeni phakathi amazwekazi amabili. Lapho ukufudumala, izilwandle zomhlaba kakhulu ukukhulisa izinga lamanzi, ugcwalise ibhuloho. Russian eSiberia futhi Alaska ngesikhathi esifanayo zazihlukaniswe Bering Sea.

Baningi imivubukulo nocwaningo ngesikhathi Peninsula wanika yi yayo: Ososayensi baye bathola izinto eziningi ukuthi wasebenzisa umuntu ophethe ipulazi lakhe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane 12 edlule, emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngaphambi Ice Age iphelile. Kule kusobala ukuthi abantu Eskimo wabonakala iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha BC.

Yini eyenzeka ngo-Alaska?

Ukulandela ekhulu amabili Russian Alaska wakhonza njengephayona isisekelo ukukhiqizwa noboya. KwaBantu sekwakhiwe, futhi ezindaweni eziningi yayisalokhu esontweni engavamile, okuyinto zadalwa yi Aleuts namaNdiya iphansi kwesandla sika-izithunywa zevangeli Russian. Kamuva Alaska ogwini amatilosi wavakashela iSpain, iFrance ne-UK. Kodwa abantu Russian bahamba ngomkhumbi baya esiqhingini ngenjongo yokuthola noboya, okuyinto kamuva obuningi kakhulu zilethwe Europe. Ngemva kwenkathi ethile yesikhathi inani izilwane nge noboya eyigugu isibe ezincane kakhulu. Ngeminyaka 1820 ka Russian cishe akafikanga ogwini-Alaska.

Indlela Peninsula iye ithengiswe?

Ngenhla siye uchazele ikhomishana ngokutshalwa imicabango esemqoka sendlela Alaska wavulwa. Umlando bethengisa khona futhi kufanele kafushane simboziwe. uhulumeni waseRussia wayesaba ukuthi enhlonhlweni lizobanjwa noma eNgilandi noma America. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvikela ngokugcwele kwakungenakwenzeka kusukela kule lokuma kwazo. Lona isikhathi sokuqala oholele ukudayiswa siqhingi. Njengoba lesibili base projection ngezingcaphuno ukuthi kwakudingekile ukuba ulekelele ukuthuthukiswa endaweni enkulu ngemali. Kodwa, uhulumeni wanquma ukungabe ukunaka bonke eMpumalanga Ekude, hhayi e-Alaska. Ngakho-ke, kwanqunywa ukuba adayise nhlonhlo. Ngo-1867, i-Alaska wadayiswa. State ngokusemthethweni yaba yingxenye Melika Okthoba 18.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le mali ngoba akehlanga eRussia. Inani oyinhloko imali ngendlela igolide yayigcwele emkhunjini, owacwila ngezizathu ezingaziwa emva umzamo kuhlulekile wasithatha ingxenye bakhi. Nokho, kwakungasho neze ukuthi umphumela wokugcina kuthengiselana. Enhlonhlweni baba yingxenye ye-United States. Alaska ayisaxhunyanisiwe kwakungekaNkulunkulu Russia.