Tribune abantu. Umsuka futhi umsebenzi

Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi izinhlelo yesimanje zezombusazwe kanye somthetho wamazwe amaningi aseYurophu eyakhelwe uhlobo sasendulo saseRoma. Umthetho wamaRoma baba ngesisekelo Romance nohlaka lomthetho - okubizwa ngokuthi amalungelo nepretsedentnogo ezijatshulelwa nengxenye ezinhle amandla yesimanje, kuhlanganise naseRussia. Lolu hlaka zomthetho simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: kuqala, imigomo, bese kube yisibonelo sokulandelwa. Lokho isenzo alisho lomthetho isimo, akubona ubugebengu. On wonke, Rome sidilizwa zibe nomthelela omkhulu ku ezweni lethu. Thatha Latin esifanayo, ukwahluka langempela yiziphi izilimi eziningi zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Nokho, namuhla sizobe ukukhuluma kancane mayelana nezinye lomkhuba wokuthi asewile kithi kusukela endulo ifomu ngandlela-thile modified. Igama lakhe - induna. Asikhulume kabanzi ngayo.

Kuyini induna yabantu?

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iRoma okokuqala lalibuswa amakhosi, ke abameleli - diktratory uqobo, bese ukwakha futhi akazange washintsha ukuze Imperial, sezombangazwe lasendulo lalihlale ukwethula i-elementi yelinyenti.

Tribune abantu - kuba isikhundla yokuqokwa phakathi plebeians. Wayelethwa wahlanganyela ukuvikelwa kanye ukusekelwa abacindezelwe. Igama Latin, induna ngokuthi amandla ayo - potestas sacrosancta, elisho "amandla wathola ukungcweliswa esingokomoya."

Indaba yalesi sikhundla iya emuva lasendulo ukungqubuzana patricians - inzalo yamakhosi okuqala waseRoma - kanye plebeians, ukuthi ilula .. Izakhamuzi eRoma. Ekuqaleni, kuleli iSigele babe patricians kuphela, plebeians akazange nethuba bakhethwe ukuba, futhi eqinisweni e isikhundla ekilasini aphansi. Nokho, naphezu imikhawulo zomthetho, abanye abantu kusukela abantu abavamile bakwazi ukuba ukuceba ukuze yadlula (ngokuqondene impahla) netikhulu, ngaleyo ndlela kwande usithonye kumibuthano ahlukile. Ngezinye izikhathi eRoma nezibhelu plebeian Kwagqashuka, okwaholela ukuba ningabi nje kuphela kwafa abantu mass, kodwa yisikhathi nokwehla kwezomnotho ngenxa umonakalo owawubangelwe ngesikhathi kubhikisha.

ERoma kwakukhona induna enkulu abantu?

Ukuze avimbele njalo ingcindezi zokuchitha igazi plebeian iSigele umphakathi waphoqeleka ukusungula okuthunyelwe ka induna enkulu abantu, abakhethwe "plebeians plebeians." Lokhu kuye kwaba nethonya elikhulu ku-sonke isimiso, wonke laseRoma lasendulo. Induna ungase Veto isinqumo iSigele, okuyinto, ngokombono wakhe, aphula plebeians, wayenelungelo lokwenqaba ukuba yahlulele isizwe ngubani kuthuke nodumo isithunzi sabantu abavamile, kodwa futhi kwadingeka bangasephula siqu. Ngakho, ngemva kwesikhathi esithile amabutho omphakathi plebeian ngokusebenzisa ababusi anjalo esikhathini Senate akwazile isinqumo izigodi equation, Nokho, bese induna enkulu abantu isidlulile hhayi khona. Wahileleka ezindabeni zabantu abavamile: abampofu, abalimi, artisan ozihluphekelayo, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yabo. I-Latin izwi, lapho induna enkulu babemazi amaklayenti akhe - patronum, okusho "umvikeli." Ukhetho isikhundla eyenziwa ngezigaba ezimbili: okokuqala, comitia curiata ngamunye wakhetha ukhetho lwabo, bese abafakizicelo baye banikezwa ekhethiwe tributa comitia.

isikhungo zezomlando nezenhlalo zamanje nazo wenanela Beqondiswa imikhandlu

Imigomo esekelwe phezu kwayo induna yabantu ukusebenza ngesikhathi wethu oqukethwe kule izikhungo civil kwamalungelo wobuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise eRussia, kukhona uKhomishana kule ndawo - Ombudsman, ogama yemfanelo ihlanganisa ukuvikelwa kanye nokuqapha kwamalungelo wobuntu nguhulumende. Ngakho wenza lokhu akwenza lapho yakhe induna enkulu ngesikhathi abantu. Nokho, amandla ombudsman yesimanje kakhulu iphele liqhathaniswe sibalo wamaRoma: akakwazi Veto, hhayi ukujabulela ukungatheleleki angenalungelo lokukuthola ngokusuka zomthetho. umsebenzi kwayo - ukulawula iziphathimandla zomphakathi kanye, esimweni ukwephulwa kwamalungelo wobuntu, emizameni kwesivivinyo, okungukuthi, okubizwa ngokuthi isinyathelo sokwahlulela. Ngokomthetho, Ombudsman lungekho ngaphansi kunoma yiliphi elinye lamagatsha kwamandla: futhi zomthetho noma esiphezulu noma kokushintsha ezobulungiswa.

Sithemba ozifundile eziningi ezintsha nezithakazelisayo, futhi lolu lwazi libe lusizo kakhulu kuwe.