Ukwakheka amakhosi asendulo: nesenzakalo nezici

Feudalism kwaba yingxenye ebalulekile European Ephakathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uhlelo setepolitiki ka abaninimhlaba enkulu wajabulela igunya ezinkulukazi kanye nethonya. Sekela amandla abo kwaba kokugqilazwa futhi abantukazana engenamandla.

Umsuka feudalism

EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani kwaphakama uhlelo amakhosi asendulo ngemva kokuwa eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga ku V ngasekupheleni kwekhulu BC. e. Bekanye ukunyamalala wangaphambili ngempucuko yasendulo uyasala kwenkathi lobugqila zakudala. On endaweni abasha imibuso ngowezizwe esavela kusayithi zombuso, basungula ubudlelwane yomphakathi.

uhlelo izinduna wabonakala ngenxa ukwakheka impahla enkulu ifike. Izicukuthwane Yamandla ocebile, eduze bobukhosi amandla iziza etholwe ukuthi nesizukulwane ngamunye kuphela iyanda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo omningi walo Western yomphakathi waseYurophu (abalimi) eziphilayo emphakathini. Ukuze ekhulwini VII lapho kwakukhona babhekane nezinga elikhulu abalulekile. umhlaba Common sekudlule ezandleni yangasese. Labo abalimi ababengenawo iziza, waba mpofu, ekutholakaleni umqashi wazo.

ukugqilazwa abantukazana

amapulazi Independent ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi nabizelwa Rage. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakukhona nemibandela mncintiswano engalingani, lapho abanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu abacindezelwe emakethe abaphikisi babo. Ngenxa yalokho, abalimi zonakala futhi ngokuzithandela lidlule ngaphansi ukusekelwa aristocrats. Kodwa kwenzeka kancane ngokungajahi kwaphakama uhlelo amakhosi asendulo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi igama elithi akazange avele Ephakathi, kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi eside kakhulu. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII e wamavukelambuso France feudalism ngokuthi "oludala" - inkathi yokubusa kwamakhosi ngokuphelele futhi ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. Kamuva elithi kwaduma kososayensi. Ngokwesibonelo, lalisetshenziswa Marx. Encwadini yakhe ethi "Capital" Wabiza uhlelo izinduna ka eyandulela capitalism yesimanje kanye nomnotho emakethe.

benefice

franc State, waba ngowokuqala lapho izimpawu feudalism kubonakala khona. Kulesi ohlanga ukuvela ubudlelwane entsha social iye yashesha ngenxa benefice. Izwe okuthiwa amaholo kusukela isimo servicemen abantu - Izikhulu noma wezempi. Ekuqaleni kwathiwa bazitshela ukuthi lezi zinto Holdings uzobe owned by umuntu ukuphila, futhi ngemva kokufa kwakhe amandla futhi uyakwazi bachithe impahla ngokubona kwayo (isibonelo, uthumela okulandelayo kumfakisicelo).

Nokho, e-IX-X eminyaka. land khulula Isikhwama iphelile. Ngenxa yalokhu impahla kancane kancane saphela ematheni futhi baba sitholwa njengefa. Okungukuthi, umnikazi kungaba manje ukudlula yefilakisi (isabelo) ukuze izingane zabo. Lezi zinguquko, kwasekuqaleni, kukhuphuke ukwencika abalimi esuka overlords yabo. Okwesibili, izinguquko uye waqinisa ukubaluleka naphakathi nabahlonishwa encane amakhosi asendulo. Sinenkosi isikhathi eside kwaba yisisekelo wamabutho Western Europe.

Abalimi owashonelwa Rage zabo, wathatha izwe kusukela enkosini izinduna eyayikhokhelwa isibopho ukuze akwazi ukufeza umsebenzi njalo emasayithini yakhe. Enjalo ukusetshenziswa okwesikhashana endaweni ethile owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi precarium. abanikazi Major ayengenandaba ukuthi ukushayela abalimi ezivela ezweni ngokuphelele. Sungula inqubo ebanikeza imali enkulu, futhi yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo inhlalakahle ka ebukhosini futhi izikhulu eminyaka.

Ukuqinisa amandla izinduna

EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani ikakhulukazi uhlelo izinduna namanje e iqiniso lokuthi ekugcineni abaninimhlaba enkulu ithole ngezizathu omkhulu nje kuphela, kodwa amandla angempela. Isimo wabanika ezihlukahlukene nemisebenzi, kuhlanganise namajaji, amaphoyisa, tekuphatsa kanye intela. Lezi zincwadi bobukhosi aba ngumqondiso ukuthi izikhulu ezweni wathola ukungatheleleki kusuka noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka emandleni abo.

Abalimi kungemuva yabo wayengakwazi ukuzivikela futhi akanamandla. Abaninimhlaba babengase kabi amandla abo, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphazanyiswa uhulumeni. Ngakho empeleni kwakunengozi izinduna serf uhlelo, lapho abalimi baphoqeleka ukuba enze inkonzo ethile zabasebenzi ngaphandle ngokuphathelene nomthetho futhi izivumelwano odlule.

Umsebenzi ongakhokhelwa nezintela

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umsebenzi walo abampofu engaphansi zishintshile. Kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu iqashwe izinduna - umsebenzi ongakhokhelwa, imisebenzi elindeleke kanye imisebenzi elindeleke zemvelo imali. Izipho ophoqelelwe kwakuvamile ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Ekhulwini XI, inqubo yokukhula komnotho amadolobha kanye nokuthuthukiswa ukuhweba. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ngayo ekusakazekeni kwezindaba ubudlelwane yemali. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, esizeni lwemali kungaba imikhiqizo efanayo yemvelo. umyalelo kwezomnotho okunjalo eyaziwa ngokuthi ngempahla. Lapho imali sisabalale eNtshonalanga Yurophu, izinduna kuhanjiswe ku imali nezintela.

Kodwa ngisho naphezu kwalokhu, izigodi enkulu aristocrats ekuhwebeni abathintekayo kunalokho sluggishly. Iningi imikhiqizo kanye nezinye izimpahla ezikhiqizwa ensimini yabo, washisa epulazini. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi aristocrats baye basebenzisa hhayi kuphela umsebenzi abantukazana, kodwa futhi umsebenzi netingcweti temsebenti. Kancane kancane, inani uJehova ezweni e bendlu yakubo kwehle. Kwezicebi ayethanda ukunikeza izindawo abalimi engaphansi futhi baziphilisa okubafaneleyo futhi serfdom.

izici lesifunda

Emazweni amaningi baseNtshonalanga Yurophu feudalism ukuma lokugcina ekhulwini lesi XI. Endaweni ethile kule nqubo luvaliwe ekuseni (eFrance nase-Italy), endaweni ethile - kamuva (e-UK kanye Germany). Ngo onke lawa mazwe, feudalism kwaba cishe ezifanayo. ubudlelwane eziningana ezahlukene abaninimhlaba esikhulu abalimi eScandinavia futhi waseByzantium.

Wawunodonga izici zayo siqu kanye nezicukuthwane e-Asia ephakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo izinduna eNdiya libhekene nethonya elikhulu isimo abaninimhlaba esikhulu abalimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sasingekho serfdom classical European. Uhlelo izinduna eJapane zihluke langempela ombaxambili. Lapho shogunate Shogun lalinethonya baningi ngisho nangaphezu kwezinwele umbusi. Lokhu uhlelo lukahulumeni wakhe wawenziwa ngo-ungqimba amasosha abangochwepheshe wathola neziqinti komhlaba - Samurai.

ukwandisa umkhiqizo

Zonke zomlando setepolitiki uhlelo (uhlelo isigqila, uhlelo amakhosi asendulo, nokunye. D.) Kushintshelwe kancane kancane. Ngakho, ekupheleni XI leminyaka eYurophu waqala ukwehla ukukhula ukukhiqizwa. Yena waba ezihlobene ngcono amathuluzi ukusebenza. Nokho, ukuhlala ngokwahlukana kwenzeka abasebenzi specialisation. Labe ngokuqondile uhlukane abalimi netingcweti temsebenti. Lokhu isigaba sezenhlalo waqala ukuhlala emizini ukuthi usukhulile kanye isakhiwo ukukhiqizwa European.

Ukwanda kwenani imikhiqizo kuye kwaholela ukuhweba ukusabalala. Ngaqala ukuthuthukisa umnotho emakethe. Kube nephutha yomthengisi ekilasini abanethonya futhi wakuthola. Abathengisi waqala ukwakha zezentengiselwano ukuvikela izithakazelo zabo. Ngokufanayo, izingcweti ezisemadolobheni kwakhiwa zezentengiselwano. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIV, lezi zinkampani isihambile esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Bavumela ababazi ukuhlala ezimele izinduna. Nokho, ne ekuqaleni yashesha inqubekela-phambili yesayensi ekupheleni Ephakathi zezentengiselwano abe esifuze esidlule.

olwathatha ongumlimi

Yiqiniso, i-oda izinduna nomphakathi akukwazanga ukushintshwa bedle zonke lezi zici. Boom amadolobha, ukukhula ubudlelwane yemali kanye lezimpahla - konke lokhu okwenzekayo ngokumelene isizinda yokuqinisa emzabalazweni abantu ephikisana yokucindezela abaninimhlaba emikhulu.

olwathatha ongumlimi baba umcimbi kuyinsakavukela. Bonke ngesihluku wacindezela izinduna kanye nembuso. Nababengobhongoza balokho kuvukela babulawa, futhi amalungu elula bajeziswa ngokuthunjwa imisebenzi eyengeziwe noma isigxobo. Nokho, kancane kancane, ngokusebenzisa nokuvukela, ukwencika siqu abalimi waqala wehlise, futhi yedolobha yaba yindawo labantu.

Umzabalazo izinduna namakhosi

Ngezigqila, izinduna, uhlelo isicebi - zozela zonke, ngandlela-thile, kuthinte amandla isimo nendawo yawo emphakathini. NgeNkathi Ephakathi imizamo abanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu (kwezicebi, ibala, ezo) cishe indiva mithi yabo. Njalo iphutha izimpi izinduna lapho aristocrats sokulungisa bodwa. Kulokhu, Crown akangenelanga kulezi izingxabano, futhi uma zigxambukela ke ngenxa yobuthakathaka bakhe abakwazanga ukuyeka igazi.

Feudalism (inkathi zezimbali okwenzeka eneminyaka engu-XII) okwaholela yokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, eFrance, Monarch kubhekwe kuphela "kuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo." Izinto zaqala ukushintsha, kanye umkhiqizo wawanda, nokuvukela ethandwa, nokunye. D. Kancane kancane, emazweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu asethuthukile kazwelonke ngamandla namandla bobukhosi, okufanelekile nakulokho izimpawu bayanda absolutism. Yinye kwaba esinye sezizathu lapho uhlelo izinduna eyayiyikho esikhathini esidlule.

Ukuthuthukiswa capitalism

Feudalism kwaba gravedigger capitalism. Ekhulwini XVI, intuthuko okusheshayo isayensi waqala e-Europe. It kuye kwaholela sesimanje imishini ukusebenza futhi yonke umkhakha. Ngenxa omkhulu okutholakele ezindawo Old Umhlaba Esakufunda emazweni amasha esuke ngaphesheya kolwandle. Ukuvela lwemikhumbi entsha kwaholela ekwakhekeni of ubudlelwano ukuhweba. Kwakubonakala emakethe kuze kube manje izimpahla ezingabonwayo.

Ngalesi sikhathi izikhulu zakwa-ukukhiqizwa yezimboni baba Netherlands naseNgilandi. Kula mazwe, iyiphi imboni - uhlobo olusha ibhizinisi. Baziqeshela wezabaSebenzi utholwe esetshenziswa, nayo ihlukaniswe. Okungukuthi, e-manufactories eziqhutshwa longcweti abaqeqeshwe - ngokuyinhloko netingcweti temsebenti. Laba bantu babe esizimele izinduna. Ngakho kukhona izinhlobo ezintsha zokukhiqiza - Indwangu, insimbi, ukunyathelisa, njll ...

yokubola feudalism

Bekanye manufactories umsuka onxiwankulu. Lokhu isigaba sezenhlalo lalinabashumayeli abanikazi eyayinawo izindlela zokukhiqiza namabhizinisi amakhulu. Ekuqaleni, lokhu stratum sabantu lalilincane. isabelo sayo emnothweni bekulokhu amancane. On yokuncipha kokubaluleka Ephakathi kwenqwaba bezimpahla ezikhiqiziwe uvele amapulazi, ekutholakaleni izinduna.

Nokho, kancane kancane, onxiwankulu kwashesha futhi kwaba acebile futhi ibe namandla ngokwengeziwe. Le nqubo ayikwazanga kuholele ezingqubuzana elite ubudala. Ngakho ekhulwini XVII eYurophu baqala wobunxiwankulu revolution nomphakathi. Ikilasi entsha ungathanda ukuqinisa nethonya yabo emphakathini. Lokhu kwakwenziwa esebenzisa ukumelwa kweliphezulu isimo izitho (United-Jikelele, ePhalamende), njalo njalo. D.

Esokuqala kwaba iMpi, okwaphela nge Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu Yeminyaka Eighty neMpi. Lokhu kuvukela bekungelegolide ngaphezulu uhlamvu kazwelonke. Izakhamuzi Netherlands ngiyilahle amandla lwamakhosi enamandla Spanish abakwaHabsburg. Inguquko elilandelayo eNgilandi. Wabuye ngokuthi kulwiwa. Umphumela wazo zonke lezi kanye okwalandela amasu okugumbuqela imibuso efanayo kwaba ayenqaba feudalism, le Ukukhululwa we abantukazana futhi ngokunqoba nemakethe ezamahala umnotho.