Lapho futhi owasungula isihlalo sikagesi?

Ubani owasungula le isihlalo sikagesi? Umbazi, ngogesi, isazi - ongakhetha ezinjalo ukuza engqondweni. Cishe uyojabula kukumangaze ukwazi ukuthi lokhu mkhakha we ndoda wayehlukile. Kulesi sihloko sizobona ukuthi uphendula lo mbuzo: owasungula isihlalo sikagesi? It kudinga ukucabangisisa okuphelele, ngoba umlando ehambisana nayo, ithakazelisa kakhulu. UThomas Edison ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 yasungulwa kwesibani incandescent. Yiqiniso, lo muntu akuyena owasungula isihlalo sikagesi. Nokho, lokhu kwaba isinyathelo sokuqala endleleni eya ezihlukahlukene okutholakele ezihlobene ugesi. Lokhu okusunguliwe, ngokukhethekile, uye wasivumela ukuba ukuyisebenzisela ukukhanyisa emadolobheni.

Umqondo wafika Albert Southwick

Abaningi banesithakazelo umbuzo: ngubani wayengu- mdali indlela entsha ukubulawa? Kukholakala ukuthi Albert Sautvik - lowo owasungula isihlalo sikagesi. Ukuzibiza kwakhe - wamazinyo. Le ndoda kusukela itholakala enkabeni yeNew York emzini Buffalo. Noma ubani owasungula isihlalo sikagesi (mkhakha, njengoba ubona, lezimanga ambalwa), wayekholelwa ukuthi ingasetshenziswa ukuze kubulawe izinzwa zokwelapha. Uma Albert wabona izintambo angenalutho ngokuthinta omunye izakhamuzi Buffalo. Lo muntu lapha emhlabeni ukuzosifela njengomhlatshelo ukucabanga ke Southwick, ngaphandle kobuhlungu futhi cishe ngokuphazima kweso. Leli cala amholele ekubeni akholelwe ukuthi ukubulawa kwabo umsuka kagesi ungayithola enye njengoba izinhlawulo okusheshayo nesihawu eziphoqelelwe nakuba ukuzihlalela. Southwick wokuqala ohlongozwayo ukusetshenziswa kukagesi ukuze ayibulale izilwane okungafunwa, esikhundleni siwasebenzise kubo. Kolonelu Rockwell, inhloko Society for the Ukuvikelwa izilwane ezivela unya, wakuthanda.

ikomidi

Southwick e 1882 olwenziwa uchungechunge ukulinga izilwane, futhi imiphumela eshicilelwe kwakhe amaphepha isayensi. Albert ngokuvamile ukuthola labo yasungulwa isihlalo sikagesi. Nokho, eziningi abantu ababandakanyeka kulesi ukuthuthukiswa yayo. Ikakhulukazi, Southwick wabonisa imiphumela ucwaningo zabo, uDavide McMillan, le lephalamende nomngane wakhe. Wathi ukuthi ukubulawa kwabo usebenzisa ugesi kobuhlungu, okuyinto inzuzo yayo esemqoka. Makmillian wakhuthaza kulondolozwe isigwebo sokufa. Lo mbono eyamdonsela njengephuzu lokuphikisa ngokumelene ukuqedwa yayo. Makmillian Heard wamnikela DB Hill, umbusi New York. , Elyuridzh Jerry (sezombusazwe) kanye Metyu Heyl (ijaji) - Ngo-1886, umsebenzi okhethekile, eyakhiwa Southwick (wamazinyo, njengoba sekushiwo umsebenzi womuntu, ngokunengqondo, ubani owavela isihlalo sikagesi) yadalwa. isiphelo sako, okwakubekelwa evezwe umbiko enamakhasi angu-95, kwaba ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu ngokubulawa - ukukhishwa imvelaphi kagesi. States Kunconywa ukuthi lo mbiko kuthathelwe indawo uhlobo olusha isigwebo ukulengiswa.

umthetho isigwebo sentambo

Ngo-1888, June 5, esasayinwa uhulumeni yomthetho efanele, okuyinto sacala kusebenta kwadingeka kusukela 1889. Yahlala ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi uhlobo ukusebenzisa kagesi: AC noma i-DC. Uyini umehluko? Asivume.

AC futhi DC

Usebenze ngalolu daba, ososayensi ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene, eside ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe senziwa uThomas Edison. Nokho, u-Edison (ngezansi) waba ngowokuqala bakwenze imfundiso yokuziphendukela akhiwa kuye. Ngo-1879 amandla esiteshini lokuqala elalakhiwe. uhlelo Edison sika ugijima on zamanje ngqo. Nokho ngulona logeleta kuphela kwelinye direction, ngakho supply zamanje Akwenzekanga ibanga elide. Kwakudingekile ukwakha isitshalo amandla ukunikeza idolobha naphakathi ngogesi.

Phuma wathola Nikola Tesla, usosayensi Croatian. Ukuyiphi umbono basebenzisa wamanje kushintshana, ezingashintsha izikhathi eziningana ngomzuzwana isiqondiso, ukudala kazibuthe, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa voltage. Ungakwazi ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa kushintshana voltage usebenzisa transformers. a wamanje okunjalo izophela nge ukulahlekelwa kancane olude, bese imenze umthengi kagesi ngokusebenzisa kwe-transformer isinyathelo-phansi.

Qala ukusebenzisa i-AC

Lolu hlelo idonse zimali, oyedwa wabo Dzhordzh Vestingauz (ngezansi).

Wayefuna ukwenza ukusetshenziswa inzuzo ka -isixhumi sakho, kodwa ubuchwepheshe Edison kwakungu ethandwa kakhudlwana ngesikhathi. Nokho, wayesebenza esikhumulweni Edison, Tesla, ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa sakhe singasuki onakayo, futhi Tesla ukuyeka. ngokushesha Usosayensi lobunikazi imibono yakhe. Westinghouse ngo-1888 wathenga 40 Tesla patent, futhi ezingaphezu kwekhulu emadolobheni eminyakeni embalwa wajabulela uhlelo AC.

"Clash of the Titans"

Ngo-1887, u-Edison waqala ukuliveza lingamanga uhlelo, ezidinga ukuqoqwa kolwazi kusukela abasebenzi babo mayelana okubangelwa ac nokufa. Ngakho wayethemba ukufakazela ukuthi indlela yakhe kuphephile umphakathi.

"Clash of the Titans" zaqala lapho kuphakama umbuzo ngokuqondene nalokho uhlobo zamanje ukuba usetshenziselwe ukuthola isigwebo sokufa. Nikola Tesla (ngezansi) ngesikhathi esifanayo ukugwema ukubhekana Thomas izitatimende futhi uthanda ukuba athule. Kodwa uTomase sephulwe Tesla ngomdlandla yakhe alandisa positiveness. "War of imisinga" waqhubeka kwaze 2007! ENew York, kuphela 21st Century ngokomfanekiso ukusika wire zokugcina DC. Lonke inethiwekhi Melika nokuthi izwe lonke washukumiseleka unaphakade AC.

Incwajana kanye nokusebenza Edison

Njengoba Edison wayengafuni yakhe okusungulile ngandlela-thile ahlobene nokufa, wayefuna kushintshana zamanje lasetshenziswa idivayisi senzelwe isigwebo sokufa. Usosayensi ngo-1887 eshicilelwe iphamfulethi "Isexwayiso". Kuyo, kuqhathaniswa ne DC variable futhi bakhomba ukuphepha yokugcina.

Inkulumo ngaphambi kwekhomishana tomasa Edisona kwagxila eqinile. Zonke umsunguli samanje ekwenze waqiniseka ukuthi uma usebenzisa kushintshana ugesi zamanje ekufeni esheshayo nengebuhlungu. ukuze wazise le nkinga, uKhomishane wayebhekene ukusetshenziswa ehlukile ngomjovo obulalayo engazi, okuyinto kubhekwa nomusa ngaphezulu kuka electrocution. Yilokho kwekhulu lama-20, baqala ukusebenzisa cishe zonke zithi lapho kwakukhona khona isigwebo sokufa. Mhlawumbe abaningi kwakungeke kudingeke ahlupheke e isihlalo sikagesi, ungabi ukuncintisana phakathi izinkampani, kanye inkulumo ezithonyayo tomasa Edisona ngaphambi kwekhomishana. Umbuzo wawuwukuthi futhi yokuthi ukuqaliswa ukukhishwa ngu ngomjovo obulalayo engazi kwenzeka odokotela ukuthi ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, akunakwenzeka.

Ukubulawa yokuqala

Ngonyaka 1889, January 1, wathatha isijeziso lokuqala ngokusebenzisa le okusunguliwe, njengoba isihlalo sikagesi (isithombe linikezwa ngezansi). Iyunithi elasetshenziselwa ke, ngokuthi vestingovannym esihlalweni, noma esihlalweni Westinghouse, emashumini eminyaka ambalwa kamuva. Entwasahlobo ka-1891 lidlule isijeziso elandelayo. Ukuze ngamacala amaningi abulawa abantu 4. It lilungisiwe ukuletha indlela ukubulawa umusho. Sekuvele generator ezinamandla kakhudlwana futhi wire mkhulu. electrode 2nd ixhunywe ku ingalo, esikhundleni yomgogodla. Okuningi ngokushelela lidlule lezi nokubulawa, futhi indlela entsha sesamukelwe umphakathi obabheka ngayo.

Ukubulawa uWilliam Kemmler

William Kemmler eyabulala ezivamile-law umkakhe ngembazo, kwaba "umhloli" lokuqala emisha. Wabulawa emzini Auburn e-1890, ngo-August 6. Wayengeke owaziwa izizathu ukuchaza imizwa yabo. Noma ubani owasungula isihlalo sikagesi, mina eyayingalindelwe kwenzekeni. Labo abakhona ngesikhathi isigwebo fakazi waveza ukuthi ibangelwa wayesaphila emva 15-20 amasekhondi esigabeni 1st. Kwadingeka zihlanganisa zamanje okwesikhathi eside futhi ngicindezeleke kakhulu. "Isivivinyo" namanje kabuhlungu eside futhi yakhiwa kuze kube sekupheleni. Abaningi ezweni futhi American ukukhala umphakathi ubangelé lesi isijeziso.

Killing usebenzisa isihlalo sikagesi

Sichaza ubuchwepheshe ukubulala usebenzisa isihlalo sikagesi. Lowo okonile lihlala phezu kwaso, futhi bahlanganiswe situlo isikhumba ezizibeni, ukulungisa esifubeni, senyonga, iqakala uSangweni yena esihlakaleni. Umzimba fixed 2 electrode ithusi, omunye ngezinyawo (the best kagesi waziphuca isikhumba ngaphansi kwaso), kanye nezinye - kwi umqhele ukushefa. I electrode ngokuvamile nivame gel ekhethekile ukunciphisa isikhumba esivuthayo ngcono ubambe zamanje. imaski opaque ezigugile ebusweni.

Ukuzokhipha isahlulelo ngazo inkinobho ummese on the control inkinobho panel, kanjalo anike 1st icala voltage ka lovela 1700 kuya 2400 volts nobude - imizuzwana mayelana 30-60. I timer isethwe kusengaphambili isikhathi, futhi wamanje sivaliwe ngokuzenzakalelayo. Udokotela ngemva kokuhlola komzimba namacala amabili lobugebengu, ngoba kungaba namanje abulawe. Ngenxa yalokho yokufa uhlangothi zokuphefumula nokufa inhliziyo kwenzeka.

Ukuthuthukiswa

Nokho, besahlulelo namhlanje baphetha ngokuthi leso ukuboshwa inhliziyo (ie, sebefile) akakubangeli zamanje ukuba adabule ingqondo. Kuphela isikhathi eside nomunyu. izigebengu sezisebenzisa okwenza ukusikeka, kanye electrode busuka hip sokunene nesobunxele ihlombe icala badabula inhliziyo futhi aorta.

isihlalo sikagesi - isijeziso esinesihluku

Ingabe kunendaba ukuthi ubani owavela isihlalo sikagesi: umbazi noma ngogesi? Okubaluleke kakhulu, le ndlela ka isijeziso esinonya. Nakuba asiphathe ngandlela-thile, zonke izindlela ngokubulawa, kuba isihlalo sikagesi ngokuvamile linikeza izinkinga ehlasimulisayo zibangele ukuhlupheka ezengeziwe nalahla, ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho imishini esetshenziswa kufanele alungiswe noma akhiwe abadala. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi lolu hlobo ukufa watholakala ngaphansi kwethonya Leo Jones, a odumile waseMelika kwamalungelo wobuntu isishoshovu, engasebenzi, isijeziso esinesihluku, okuyinto ephambene US uMthethosisekelo.

Manje uyazi owasungula isihlalo sikagesi. Udokotela wamazinyo u-Albert Sautvik, ngokusobala, engazi ukuthi ukhanda balindelwe esefiké kwekhanda lakhe umqondo. Namuhla, le ndlela ngokubulawa isibe olunye lwezimpawu ze-United States. Kodwa isihlalo sikagesi yasungulwa ngumuntu wamazinyo, efuna ngokunengqondo ukuze siqede ukuhlupheka.