Kinematics ngephuzu impahla: imiqondo eyisisekelo, izakhi

Isihloko sihloko namuhla yethu kuyoba kinematics phuzu impahla. Kuyini imayelana nani? Yini imiqondo avele ke, futhi yini definition kufanele inikwe leli gama? Le mibuzo kanye neminye eminingi namuhla sizozama ukuphendula.

Ukuchaza umqondo

iphuzu Kinematics impahla Kayisilutho ngaphandle lesi sigatshana physics enesihloko esithi "Mechanics". Yena, study imithetho ezinyakazayo zemizimba ahlukahlukene. Kinematics ngephuzu nto zihilelekile kulo msebenzi, kodwa asikwenzi lokho Imibandela. Eqinisweni, le sub-section uhlola izindlela ezichaza ezinyakazayo zemizimba. Kulesi sifundo Site kuphela okuthiwa umzimba ephelele yengxoxo. Lezi zihlanganisa: iphuzu impahla, umzimba eqinile igesi ekahle. Cabanga imiqondo ngokuningiliziwe. Sonke siyazi esikoleni ukuthi iphuzu nto okuthiwa umzimba, usayizi okuyinto kunoma isiphi isimo, kungaba dengwane. By endleleni, le kinematics ka ezinyakazayo Translational ngephuzu impahla siqala ukuvela okokuqala e lwesikhombisa grade izincwadi ku-physics. Lona legatsha elula, ngakho ukuze uqale ajwayelane isayensi, ngosizo yayo kulungile kakhulu. Ludzaba ahlukene okungukuthi, iziphi izici kinematics phuzu impahla. Abasakwazi eziningi, futhi kungenziwa kunemibandela ihlukaniswe amazinga eziningana nge nobunzima ezahlukene ukuqonda. Uma sikhuluma, isibonelo, vector engaba ke, isimiso, ekuchazweni salo lutho prohibitively eziyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, uyavuma ukuthi kuba lula ukuqonda ngayo umfundi ngaphandle umfundi noma isilinganiso esikoleni esiphakeme. Futhi uma ngikhuluma iqiniso ukukhuluma, asikho isidingo ukuchaza izici abafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme eside.

A umlando omfushane kinematics

Abaningi, eminyakeni eminingi edlule, Aristotle omkhulu enikelwe share sengonyama isikhathi sakhe khulula ngokutadisha nangokuphila echaza physics njengoba isayensi ehlukile. Ikakhulukazi wasebenza phezu kinematics, uzama akwethule amaphuzu asemqoka kanye namanye imiqondo, ngandlela-thile elisetshenziswa imizamo yokuxazulula imisebenti leyentiwako ngisho ezivamile. Aristotle wanika umqondo sokuqala iziphi izakhi kinematics phuzu impahla. Umsebenzi wakhe nemibhalo bayigugu kakhulu kuso sonke isintu. Noma kunjalo, ngo iziphetho yayo, kwenza inani elikhulu amaphutha, futhi udaba wukuthi kwakukhona abanye amaphutha. Imisebenzi ka-Aristotle ngesikhathi sakhe waba nesithakazelo nabanye ososayensi - uGalileo Galilei. Omunye iziphakamiso eziyisisekelo zokuthi ukubeka phambili ngu-Aristotle, funda ukuthi ukunyakaza komzimba kwenzeka kuphela esimweni uma zisingathwa athile, kunqunywa umfutho kanye isiqondiso. UGalileo kwafakazela ukuthi lokhu kuyiphutha. Force sizothinta kulungiselelwa isivinini, kepha hhayi ngaphezulu. Italian wabonisa ukuthi indlunzula imbangela ukushesha, futhi kungaba Okusizayo kuphela nalo. UGalileo Galiley azinake eside ekutadisheni inqubo ngokuwa khulula, ngokuletha imithetho efanele. Mhlawumbe wonke umuntu uyakhumbula mayelana ucwaningo yakhe edumile, yena lesisetjentiswe Tower of Pisa. Ezinkondlweni zakhe, izisekelo izixazululo kinematic esetshenziswa futhi physics Ampere.

imiqondo kokuqala

Njengoba kushiwo ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, kinematics izindlela ukuhlola ukuchaza ezinyakazayo lezinto ephelele yengxoxo. Ngo umkhuba, kungase izisekelo isicelo izingabunjalo, algebra abavamile futhi geometry. Kodwa ziyini imiqondo (lo mqondo, futhi akukho definition kanye namagugu parametric) bayinhliziyo yalesi sigatshana physics? Okokuqala, wonke umuntu kufanele aqonde ngokucacile ukuthi kinematics ka ezinyakazayo Translational we indaba iphuzu ezinyakazayo ucabangela ngaphandle amandla ukusebenza. Okungukuthi, ukuxazulula izinkinga efanele, asidingi amafomula exhunywe ngamandla. It akubhekwa kinematics, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziningi kangakanani kuzo kukhona - eyodwa, ezimbili, ezintathu, ngisho namakhulu ezinkulungwane. Noma kunjalo, ukuba khona ukushesha kodwa inikeza. Ngo eziningi ezibonakalayo iphuzu ukunyakaza kinematics izinkinga sinquma ukunquma ukusheshisa value. Nokho, izimbangela zalesi simo (ie, amabutho kanye nature yabo) awacatshangwa, futhi ivinjelwe.

ngezigaba

Sithole ukuthi kinematics ihlola futhi osebenza izindlela ukuchaza ezinyakazayo zemizimba ngaphandle kokunaka emabuthweni nokuwenza. Phela, lo msebenzi ubelokhu ekwenza ngoba ezinye sub-Mechanics ebizwe Dynamics. Kakade asetshenziswa lapho imithetho Newton, okukuvumela practice ukuchaza imingcele ngokwanele inombolo encane idatha kokuqala ezaziwayo. nemiqondo eyisisekelo kinematics of iphuzu impahla - kuba space kanye nesikhathi. Futhi ngokuqondene ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi jikelele nasensimini, kukhona umbuzo mayelana nokufaneleka inhlanganisela enjalo.

Kusukela ekuqaleni, kwakukhona kinematics classical. Singasho ukuthi eyinqaba hhayi kuphela khona kwabo bobabili izikhala yesikhashana futhi kwendawo, kodwa bazimele abekho kukhethwa luhlaka esithile reference. By the way, sizobe ukukhuluma kamuva. Manje, nje ukuchaza ukuthi kuyini imayelana. isikhawu Spatial kulokhu kuzoxoxwa njengoba ingxenye, isikhathi - isikhawu. Kubonakala sengathi yonke into kumele kube sobala. Manje, lezi izikhala ezocatshangelwa le kinematics classical ngokuphelele invariant, ngamanye amazwi, ezimele aphuma ifreyimu eyodwa kuya kwenye. Kungakhathaliseki ibhizinisi kinematics relativistic. It ngezikhathi lapho ushintsha phakathi inkomba ozimele zingahluka. Kuwukuhlakanipha baze bathi angenakukwazi ukukwenza, futhi kufanele, cishe. Ngenxa yalokhu simultaneity imicimbi emibili okungahleliwe futhi siba isihlobo futhi kuncike ukucabangela okukhethekile. Ngakho-ke akuyona ku kinematics relativistic imiqondo emibili - space kanye nesikhathi - ehlangana zibe munye.

Kinematics iphuzu impahla: isivinini, ukusheshisa, kanye naletinye tindlela tekuphila

Ukuze okungenani kancane ukuqonda physics yalesi sigatshana, kufanele ukuthi uzulazule imiqondo ebaluleke kakhulu, azi izincazelo futhi bamele kuyini Imibandela, omunye noma elinye inani. Lutho kuyinkimbinkimbi ngakho ngempela, kulula kakhulu futhi elula. Cabanga, mhlawumbe, ukuze uqale nge nemiqondo eyisisekelo elisetshenziswa izinkinga kinematics.

ezinyakazayo

ukunyakaza Mechanical, sicabanga inchubo lapho elilodwa noma kwenye into idealized eshintsha isikhundla salo isikhala. Kulokhu, singasho ukuthi ushintsho maqondana neminye imigwamanda. Kuyadingeka ukuba acabangele yokuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo senzeka futhi kusungulwa kwekwetfulwa isikhawu ethize phakathi izenzakalo ezimbili. Ngokwesibonelo, sizokwazi ukwaba isikhawu ezithile sona isikhathi esadlula phakathi umzimba babevela omunye isikhundla komunye. Phawula futhi ukuthi umzimba futhi ngaleyo ndlela kungenza nihlanganyele, ngokuvumelana nemithetho jikelele Mechanics. ilokho ngokuvamile usebenza kinematics phuzu impahla. Isethenjwa uhlelo - umqondo elandelayo, okuyinto kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa ke.

izixhumanisi

Bangakwazi ngokuthi idatha abavamile sikwazi ukunquma isikhundla umzimba nganoma yingasiphi esinikezwe ngesikhathi. Ukuxhumanisa atehlukaniseki umqondo wokuphathwa uhlelo inkomba kanye igridi nokudidiyela. Ezimweni eziningi kukhona inhlanganisela yezinhlamvu nezinombolo.

Ububanzi vector

Kusukela igama kufanele ngabe sekucacile ukuthi. Noma kunjalo, ake sixoxe kabanzi ngayo. Uma iphuzu ihamba endleleni, futhi siyazi ekuqaleni luhlaka esithile reference, kungenzeka ukubamba vector isikhundla nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Uyobizwa kokujoyina isikhundla sokuqala iphuzu ne leso noma elinganiselwe.

endleleni

Iyobizwa ngokuthi umugqa okuqhubekayo okuyinto wabeka ngenxa motion nezinhlayiya ohlakeni kunikezwa inkomba.

Speed (kokubili komugqa emincane)

Lokhu value, okungase ukutshela ngokushesha kangakanani umzimba uya enkathini ibanga.

Ukusheshisa (emincane futhi lwento)

Ikhombisa ngaphansi kwaziphi umthetho nendlela uye wakwenza eshintsha isivinini kulungiselelwa umzimba.

Mhlawumbe, nanka - izakhi eziyinhloko we kinematics phuzu impahla. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kokubili velocity ukusheshisa kukhona vector kobukhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi musa nje nethonya ukuboniswa, kodwa futhi indlela ethile. By the way, zingase ziqondiswe kwelinye direction futhi okuphambene. Esimweni sokuqala, umzimba uzobe kwadlanga kakhulu ngawo-yesibili - sokuhudula izinyawo lesi.

Imisebenzi elula

Kinematics ngephuzu impahla (isivinini, ukushesha kanye nebanga okuyinto cishe imiqondo eyisisekelo) has ngisho yokuthi lenqwaba izinkinga, futhi eziningi zazo ezigabeni ezahlukene. Ake sizame ukuxazulula nomsebenzi olula izikhangiso kwanele ukuba wazi ibanga umzimba.

Ake sithi izimo ukuthi esinayo uhlangothi, kanje. Umshayeli imoto imi the starting line. I-opharetha ihlinzeka ezibukwayo isignali ifulege nemoto Ukhumula kakhulu. Ukuthi kusemthethweni yini irekhodi elisha e nabagibeli mncintiswano uzokwazi, uma ibanga elilingana eziyikhulu amamitha, kwake kwaba umholi 7.8 imizuzwana. Ukusheshisa imoto kuthathwe elilingana 3 metres, ahlukaniswe okwesibili sikwele.

Ngakho, indlela yokuxazulula inkinga efanayo? Akuve ezithakazelisayo, njengoba kudingeka ukuba "sula" kwencazelo imingcele ethile. Yena lakhanya avule isimo esithile ukuthi diversifies izixazululo inqubo nemiphumela yokusesha izinkomba. Kodwa lokho kufanele siqondiswe ngaphambili, indlela yokuphendula lo msebenzi?

1. Kinematics ngephuzu impahla kuhilela ukusetshenziswa esimweni ukushesha.

2. Kusolwa isinqumo kusetshenziswa indlela ibanga, ngoba kubonakala sengathi ngaphansi kwezimo value kwamanani.

Thina ukuxazulula inkinga nhlobo lula. Ukuthatha lokhu ifomula ibanga: S = vot + (-) AT ^ 2/2. Lisho ukuthini igama elithi? Sidinga ukwazi ukuthi singakanani isikhathi siyodlula racer esiqokiwe ibanga, bese uqhathanise Inkomba ngerekhodi ukuthola wayengeke amshaya noma cha. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sibekela eqadi isikhathi sokuba uthole ifomula: AT ^ 2 + 2VoT - 2S. Kayisilutho ngaphandle equation Quadratic. Kodwa imoto Ukhumula, kusho ukuthi Isivinini kokuqala ilingana 0. Uma kwesibalo isinqumo discriminant kuyoba ulingana 2400 kumele zisuswe impande isikhathi yokusesha. Yenza endaweni yesibili idesimali: 48,98. Sithola empandeni kwesibalo: 48.98 / 6 = 8.16 imizuzwana. It kuvela ukuthi umshayeli ngeke bakwazi ukushaya irekhodi ekhona.