Imiqondo eyisisekelo yezinkanyezi nokulingana

Yimiphi imiqondo eyisisekelo ye-kinematics? Uhlobo luni lwesayensi nalokhu afundisisa? Namuhla sizokhuluma ngalokho okushiwo yi-kinematics, yiziphi izici eziyisisekelo zokwenza iziqu ezenziwa emisebenzini nalokho okushoyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ake sikhulume ngamagugu avame ukubhekwa ngawo.

I-Kinematics. Imiqondo eyisisekelo nezincazelo

Okokuqala, ake sikhulume ngalokho okuyiyo. Esinye sezigaba ezifundiswa kakhulu ze-physics esikoleni sezikole yi-mechanics. I-physics ye-molecular, ugesi, i-optics nezinye izigaba, njenge-isibonelo, i-physics ye-nyukliya ne-athomu ilandela umyalelo ongapheli. Kodwa ake sihlolisise imishini. Lesi sigaba se-physics sisebenza ngokutadisha kwemizimba emizimba. Yakha izikhathi ezithile futhi ihlola izindlela zayo.

I-Kinematics njengengxenye yemishini

Lezi zinsuku zihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu: i-kinematics, dynamics kanye ne- statics. Lezi zintathu zesayensi-sciences, uma zingabizwa kanjalo, zinezici ezithile. Isibonelo, izifundo ze-statics imithetho ye-equilibri yezinhlelo zemishini. Masinyane ukhumbula engxenyeni yezilinganiso. AmaDynamics ahlola amaphethini wokunyakaza kwemizimba, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ubonisa ukunakwa kwamandla abenza ngawo. Kodwa isixhumanisi senza okufanayo, kuphela kule akhawunti yamandla ayamukelekile. Ngenxa yalokho, ubukhulu bezindikimba ezifanayo abukelwanga izinkinga.

Imisisekelo eyisisekelo ye-kinematics. Ukunyakaza kwama-mechanical

Isihloko kule sayensi yiyona nto ebonakalayo. Kusho umzimba obanzi bawo, uma uqhathaniswa nesistimu ethile yemishini, unganakwa. Leli gama elibizwa ngokuthi i-idealized body, kufana negesi elihle, elibhekwa njengengxenye yesayensi ye-molecular. Ngokuvamile, umqondo wezinto ezibonakalayo, kokubili kumishini ngokujwayelekile, nasezinhlakeni ezithile, kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Okubizwa ngokuthi ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo kuvame ukucatshangwa .

Lokhu kusho ukuthini nokuthi kungaba kanjani?

Ngokuvamile ukunyakaza kuhlukaniswe ngo-rotational and translation. Imiqondo eyisisekelo yenkathi yokuhumusha ishukunyiswa ikakhulukazi namanani asetshenziswe emafomulini. Mayelana nabo sizoxoxa kamuva, kodwa manje ake sibuyele kulohlobo lokunyakaza. Kusobala ukuthi uma sikhuluma ngokujikeleza, umzimba ujikeleza. Ngakho-ke, ukunyakaza kokuhumusha kuzobhekwa njengokuhamba komzimba endizeni noma ngokulinganayo.

Isisekelo sokusombulula izinkinga

I-Kinematics, imiqondo eyisisekelo namafomula esiwacabangela manje, unenamba enkulu yezinkinga. Lokhu kufezwa nge-combinatorics evamile. Enye yezindlela zokuhlukahluka lapha ishintsha izimo ezingaziwa. Enye inkinga efanayo ingamelwa ngokukhanya okuhlukile, ivele ishintshe injongo yesisombululo sayo. Kudingeka ukuthola ibanga, isivinini, isikhathi, ukusheshisa. Njengoba ungabona, izinketho ziyi-sea lonke. Uma sixhuma izimo zokuwa kwamahhala lapha, isikhala sivele singacabangi.

Amanani namafomula

Okokuqala, ake senze ukubhuka okulodwa. Njengoba kuyaziwa, ubuningi bungaba nemvelo emibili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani elithile lingase lihambelane nenani elithile lokubala. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingaba nesiqondiso sokusabalalisa. Isibonelo, i-wave. Ku-optics sibhekene nomqondo onjalo njengengxenye yobubanzi. Kodwa uma kukhona umthombo wokukhanya ohambelanayo (i-laser efanayo), ke sibhekene nesigxobo sezingqamuzana ezindiza-moya. Ngakho-ke, hhayi kuphela inani lezinombolo, elibonisa ubude balo, kodwa futhi isiqondiso esinikeziwe sokusakazwa sizohambisana nomswakama.

Isibonelo esilandelayo

Amacala anjalo awufanekisayo kumishini. Ake sithi sinenqola phambi kwethu. Ngokwemvelo yesimiso, singakwazi ukucacisa izici ze-vector ze-velocity kanye nokusheshisa. Ukwenza lokhu ngokuhamba phambili (isibonelo, esitezi esicathule) kuyoba nzima kakhulu, ngakho sizocubungula amacala amabili: lapho inqola iqala futhi ifaka phansi.

Ngakho-ke, ake sicabange ukuthi i-trolley ikhuphuka intaba encane. Kulesi simo, kuzokwehla uma amabutho angaphandle engenzi lutho kuwo. Kodwa esimweni esinqunyiwe, okungukuthi, uma i-trolley ishilela phansi ukusuka phezulu, izosheshisa. Isivinini esimweni ezimbili sibhekiswe lapho into ehamba khona. Lokhu kufanele kuthathwe njengomthetho. Kodwa ukusheshisa kungashintsha i-vector. Uma ihlaziya, iqondiswa ohlangothini oluphambene ne-velocity vector. Lokhu kuchaza ukunciphisa. Uhlu olufanayo oluqondakalayo lungasetshenziswa esimweni sesibili.

Amanani asele

Sivele sikhulume ngokuthi kuyi-kinematics esiyisebenzisayo hhayi nje kuphela ngobuningi be-scalar, kodwa futhi nangamanani amaningi we-vector. Manje sizothatha esinye isinyathelo phambili. Ngaphezu kokusheshisa nokusheshisa ekuxazululeni izinkinga, izici ezifana nebanga nesikhathi zisetshenziswa. Ngendlela, ijubane lihlukaniswe libe yilokuqala futhi elisheshayo. Okokuqala kulawa kuyisibonelo esikhethekile sesibili. Isivinini esisheshayo yisisindo esingatholakala nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Futhi ngokuqala, mhlawumbe, konke kucacile.

Injongo

Ingxenye enkulu yale mbono yafundiswa thina ngaphambili ezindimeni ezandulele. Manje kusele kuphela ukunikeza amafomula ayisisekelo. Kodwa sizokwenza kangcono nakakhulu: ngeke sibheke nje amafomula, kodwa sizowasebenzisa ekuxazululeni inkinga ukuze sigcine ukuhlanganisa ulwazi olutholiwe. Ku-kinematics, isethi yonke yamafomula isetshenziselwa, ukuhlanganisa ukuthi, ungafinyelela konke okudingayo ukuxazulula. Sinikeza inkinga ngezimo ezimbili ukuze siqonde lokhu ngokuphelele.

Amabhayisikili ngemuva kokuwela emgqeni. Ukuma okuphelele, kwamthatha imizuzwana emihlanu. Thola ukuthi yikuphi ukusheshisa okwenziwe, futhi nokuthi yiliphi ibanga elihamba phambili elikwazi ukudlula. Umzila wokugobhoza ucatshangwa ukuthi ulinganiselwe, futhi ijubane lokugcina lithathwa njenge-zero. Ngesikhathi sokuwela umgqa wokugcina, ijubane laliyi-4 emitha ngomzuzwana.

Eqinisweni, lo msebenzi uthakazelisa futhi awuyona elula njengoba kungase kubonakale ekuqaleni. Uma sizama ukuthatha ifomula ibanga elisendlini (S = Vota + (-) (ku- ^ 2/2)), ngeke kube khona lutho oluzovela kulo, ngoba sizoba nokulinganisa ngezinhlobo ezimbili. Indlela yokwenza kulesi simo? Singahamba ngezindlela ezimbili: kuqala ubale ukusheshisa ngokufaka esikhundleni sefomula kwifomula V = Vo - noma ukuveza lapho ukusheshisa bese uyifaka esikhundleni semfomula ibanga. Masisebenzise indlela yokuqala.

Ngakho-ke, ukuvinjelwa kokugcina kuyinhlawulo. Ukuqala - amamitha angu-4 ngomzuzwana. Ngokudlulisela inani elilinganayo ezinhlangothini zangakwesokunxele nangesokudla kwe-equation, sithola inkulumo yokusheshisa. Nakhu okulandelayo: a = Vo / t. Ngakho-ke, lizolingana no-0.8 wamamitha ngomzuzwana esigcawini futhi lizophatha uhlamvu lwe-braking.

Masihambe emgqeni webanga. Kulo mane simane sishintshe idatha. Thola impendulo: ukuguqulwa ibanga ngamamitha ayi-10.