Ephalamende - kuyini?

Ngo amabhizinisi yesimanje ekwakheni ingqalasizinda corporate inethiwekhi ephalamende ubuchwepheshe singasetshenziswa. Yiziphi izici zalo? Yiziphi izinzuzo it has phezu bendabuko umzila ubuchwepheshe?

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana nobuchwepheshe

Kuyini ephalamende imininingwane? Kuyini lokhu ubuchwepheshe? Ephalamende - ngumqondo ngokuvumelana imaphi amanethiwekhi computer amaphakethe ukudlulisa kwenziwe. Sici Its main - ukunikela elinye ithuba ukuhlaziya uhlobo imizila IPLP izihloko kuzo zonke amaphakethe, okuyinto eyenziwa ukuze sithole isiqondiso ukudlulisa kwabo ingxenye esilandelayo ingqalasizinda. Esimweni lapho ubuchwepheshe okukhulunywa yenziwe yasebenza, ukuhlaziywa unhlokweni wenziwa kanye lapho engena inethiwekhi ephalamende, bese iqalisa kokuhlola efanayo phakathi kwemigomo kanye iphakethe ukusakaza izakhiwo.

Ephalamende tesakhiwo

ubuchwepheshe athuthukisiwe ephalamende Ochwepheshe abanesifiso ukugcwaliseka olandelwayo ukuxhumana jikelele ukuthi kufanelekile kokubili ingqalasizinda isifunda esitshalweni iziteshi futhi izicelo lapho amaphakethe ngocansi. Inethiwekhi ephalamende angadluliselwa Tinhlobo traffic - IP, ATM, i-Ethernet, SONET, SDH. Ukuthuthukisa umqondo kwenziwa ikhumbula izimfanelo ezinhle nobuthakathaka babantu imibiko ngaphambili kwenjongo efanayo. Ngakho kwezinye izici ephalamende kuhilela ukuqaliswa algorithm elula, uma kulinganiswa nokwenu izindlela elisetshenziswa izixazululo bendabuko. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, imishini inethiwekhi esekela ephalamende ubuchwepheshe, uyakwazi ukuba azixoshe kusuka emakethe izixazululo bendabuko, okhombisa ukuthi onjiniyela ephalamende akwenzele umsebenzi ezinhle iqhakambisa futhi universalization umqondo.

Ephalamende kanye IP

Ngakho siyazi izimiso eziyisisekelo ephalamende umqondo walokho uhlobo ubuchwepheshe. Ngo amanethiwekhi ezivamile, esebenzisa olandelwayo TCP-IP, iphakethe umzila luyasetshenziswa usebenzisa ikhompyutha ne-IP ikheli lapho iphakethe idluliselwa. Ngo inethiwekhi ngayo yonke imizila ifa Imininingwane ngalokho esibonakalayo icushiwe ngesikhathi sokudlulisa idatha, kanye kukhompyutha ofuna ukuqondisa kabusha iphakethe zamanje.

Endabeni ephalamende ukubandakanyeka kwenziwe indlela ehlukile. Yena, njengoba vele sesiyazi, kufaka ukuqaliswa Protocol Ilebula Imigodlagodla. Basuke iboshelwe iphakethe ethize, okuyinto idluliselwa inethiwekhi. Routers abasitholayo, ngesikhathi esifanayo babe ulwazi mayelana nendlela uthumele idatha ku - ngesisekelo value ethile, okuyinto ephalamende-ilebula. Kungaphawulwa ukuthi itholakala ngaphakathi ephalamende-unhlokweni itholakala phakathi Uhlaka kanye iphakethe ngokuhambisana format. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kungenzeka tags eziningana ibekwe iphasela single. Ukubonisa ukuthi ilebula ethile - zinyanga eqenjini, amafulegi ekhethekile asetshenziswa.

It kuyoba usizo sihlole kabanzi izinzuzo ubuchwepheshe embuzweni, ngaphambi izixazululo bendabuko.

izinzuzo ezingukhiye ephalamende: nekusebenta ngokucubungula idatha

isikhathi Inzuzo ebaluleke kakhulu ephalamende ezindlekweni kancane ukuze kusebenziswe idatha kuka lapho eqhathanisa IP-ikheli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, namaLungu esiShayamthetho ubuchwepheshe kunciphisa isikhathi kuthatha ukuqondisa kabusha iphakethe usebenzisa core imizila. Usuke engenziwa cishe nokusetshenziswa yezifiso amaningi, nge esebenzisa tags ekhethekile ngaphakathi amaphakethe idatha ngocansi yinethiwekhi. Nge leli fomu ukwehlukanisa notshwala esitshalweni.

Izinzuzo ephalamende: yizinhlobonhlobo

Esinye isici esibalulekile umqondo - ezihlukahlukene zokusisebenzisa. Cishe iyiphi inethiwekhi IP ephalamende ezingase zithathwe. Ubuchwepheshe okukhulunywa lifakazelwe ezingeni hardware. Ngomqondo onabile kungenzeka ukusebenzisa, ukulufinyelela ekuzigcwaliseni ephalamende - Mikrotik, isibonelo. izimiso Universal kwengqalasizinda ukuletha isimo ezisebenzisekayo. Nokho, ukuklanywa ephalamende inethiwekhi hardware ukumisa kwazo kumelwe kwenziwe ongoti abanolwazi. Okokuqala - engxenyeni ukuqonda afanele inethiwekhi izakhiwo izici zayo izingxenye hardware.

Izinzuzo ephalamende: Scalability

Ephalamende ingqalasizinda degree scalable futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu yokuzimela wokusebenza maqondana yezifiso ezahlukene ngawo idatha idluliselwa. Ngokucacile nezindinganiso ezithile lwenteke kulamazinga lalandzelako: isixhumanisi ungqimba, akunandaba. Ngokwethulwa ephalamende inethiwekhi akudingekile nokuqhutshwa amanethiwekhi ezingeni lesibili ukuthi elungiselelwe ukudluliselwa ezithile traffic. Kusukela umbono we Ukwahlukaniswa uhlobo ephalamende usuke amanethiwekhi ngokufanele isibaluli ingqalasizinda, lapho usuke iphakethe.

Umklamo ephalamende: lisisakhiwo

Masitadishe yimaphi amadivayisi kulindeleke ukusebenzisa amanethiwekhi lapho umqondo ephalamende osebenza, onjani izinqalasizinda ngokwezinhlelo ukusetshenziswa hardware imithombo. Idivayisi main, okuyinto ungenela, angabizwa ngokuthi uhlaka kwethekhnoloji efanele:

- router iyahambisana umqondo ephalamende, kanye ezivamile ukuthumela idatha yezifiso;

- router interface kuya yedivayisi Imigodlagodla Protocol lelebuli hhayi lwenziwa (kuhlanganise ngenxa yokuntuleka ukwesekwa ephalamende);

- iqembu amadivayisi kunethiwekhi ezisetshenziswa ashintshele ukusetshenziswa amalebula ngaphansi jikelele ekuphathweni nomzila uhlelo.

Eqinisweni, kudivayisi yohlobo yokuqala akha iqembu abafanele, okuyinto yena, edonsa domain. Ephalamende-imizila Uhlobo lwesibili ukwenza emngceleni esifundeni walesi sizinda.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo ephalamende ukushintshwa

Funda ukuthi ngesisekelo izimiso okwakwenza ukushintsha ngaphakathi ubuchwepheshe embuzweni. Njengoba vele sesiyazi, iBombela ephalamende - iyona ilebula. Ukwabelana ngesisekelo ubuchwepheshe efanele. Zonke amaphakethe ukuthi adluliswa e inethiwekhi, abahlangene uhlobo oluthile inethiwekhi ungqimba. Ngamunye wabo ngesikhathi esifanayo iphawulwe yi ilebula ethile. Inani layo uhlukile kuphela uma kubhekwa kohlaka elula oluthile ithrekhi eyehlayo phakathi ISIZINDA we inethiwekhi, esemgwaqweni endaweni yakini, okungukuthi, imizila yohlobo yokuqala (ngokuvumelana ngezigaba kubhekwe yithi ngenhla). Noma yimuphi iphakethe utawubese zihlanganisa ilebula. Nokho, indlela ebudlelwaneni bayo nalowo iphakethe kuzoncika onjani ubuchwepheshe isetshenziswa ngaphakathi ingqalasizinda siteshi.

Ukuxhumana phakathi imizila

Noma ukuthi router lingacela ulwazi inethiwekhi usebenzisa i-algorithm iyahambisana ephalamende - BGP, isibonelo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko idivayisi kuleli cala - ukuqinisekisa idatha exchange nge devaysa engumakhelwane iwukusakaza amalebula, kamuva asetshenziswa ngenjongo usuke. ukwabelana nje kungenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho olandelwayo LDP isebenze noma okushintshiwe izinguqulo zezinye amazinga umzila esetshenziswa nomlawuli wenethiwekhi.

izingxenye Ithebula

Ngo inqubo ukusatshalaliswa tags bahlukane idatha izindlela akhiwa ngesikhathi amadivayisi letehlukene tekuchumana. On ngamunye imizila esetshenziswa osebenza itafula esihlinzeka lelihambisana izingxenye kuhlotshaniswa esibonakalayo okokufaka, nezindawo abonisa izimfanelo ingqalasizinda okukhiphayo. I-Router ethola iphasela ezithile ngokuhambisana nenani esibonakalayo, kanye ukufunda ukubaluleka ilebula isethelwe idatha ngocansi ecacisiwe okukhipha esibonakalayo. Kulokhu, ukubaluleka odlule kungakapheli ithegi eqondiswa futhi zithathelwe indawo entsha, njengoba kubonakala ingxenye etafuleni lapho tags okukhipha awashintsheki ke iphakethe is sidluliselwe elinye ilungu ingqalasizinda.

Ephalamende olandelwayo eqala ukuhlonza alahlwayo ngabanye amagugu ensimini wahlela kwelinye irowu kwethebula esetshenziswa. IP-адрес исходного устройства имеет самый длинный префикс в рамках таблицы маршрутизации. Futhi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umcabango ngenhla ivumela ukudluliswa ngokushesha idatha ngokuziqhathanisa ezisetshenzisiwe umzila abavamile lapho IP-ikheli zedivayisi umthombo has isiqalo elide kakhulu phakathi etafuleni umzila.

Isakhiwo ephalamende

Cabanga kabanzi izici isakhi umqondo inethiwekhi embuzweni. Ephalamende siqukethe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko:

- umongo;

- Border esifundeni.

Isakhiwo core iqukethe amadivayisi liyadingeka ukusekela ephalamende. Asetshenziswa njengezitolo izingxenye ingqalasizinda for ewachitha traffic ngaphakathi olandelwayo-dial-up. Ngakho, umsebenzi amadivayisi main ukwethula ku core - usuke.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, esifundeni umngcele okuhambelana: I-ekulinganisweni amaphakethe ngokuvumelana emiselwe, ngokuba ukuqaliswa namasevisi ahlobene - njengalezo elihlobene ne ukuthumela idatha zokuhlunga, ukulawula kwenethiwekhi. Lokhu ukusatshalaliswa imisebenzi phakathi core nesifunda umngcele ikuvumela ukulungisa ephalamende eqondene nendawo amadivayisi kunethiwekhi ethize ngaphakathi inethiwekhi.

Izindlela iphakethe wokugubha

Sizakuragela ukufunda ngokuningiliziwe ngendlela lapho ukuthumela idatha wenziwa wokugubha amaphakethe usebenzisa ephalamende-amalebula. Okokuqala kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ilebula has izici ezilandelayo main: ubude fixed, eyingqayizivele umongo kwakwakhe olulodwa, okuyinto eyenziwa phakathi angomakhelwane imizila.

Eqinisweni, ilebula anenani elifanayo ingasetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene inethiwekhi, kodwa kuphela ngaphansi kohlaka ukuxhumana phakathi ngazimbili ngazinye imizila. Nokho, kulesi simo, idivayisi kumelwe anqume ukuthi lavelaphi iphakheji idatha elihambisana ilebula emakiwe. Ekusebenteni, e elula noxhumo lenethiwekhi ingase eziqhutshwa isethi efanayo ephalamende-amalebuli angaphakathi esibonakalayo.

Ngo ingqalasizinda eziyinkimbinkimbi ke idinga ukuzibandakanya isethi ahlukene yamathegi module ehlukile noma idivayisi. Ngokushesha ngaphambi ujoyine iphasela, namaLungu esiShayamthetho-uphawu okubhalwe ngokuvumelana algorithm isethi. Uma inethiwekhi IP olandelwayo icushiwe, ithegi ibekwe ngaphakathi unhlokweni iphakethe. Kwezinye izimo, kuba kubonakala unhlokweni olandelwayo isivele isixhumanisi idatha ungqimba. Futhi, kungaba kwenziwe othile wekhodi value.

Isicelo amaqembu ilebula

Phakathi inethiwekhi ukuthumela idatha olucutshungulwayo usebenzisa nomqondo isakhiwo iphakethe Ingase ithanyelwe, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, iqembu lithi - izitaki. Ngamunye wabo angaba nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwalokho noma ukususwa tags ezithile. Kulokhu, kuphela eyayibaluleke inikezwe ethize usuke yi. Lesi sici idatha inethiwekhi ephalamende kusivumela ukusebenzisa zokuxhumana Umhubhe. Izingxenye isitaki abakhona okuyinto abe ubude 32 izingcezu. Kulokhu 20 unikezwa ilebula, 8 - ngesikhathi ukuphila isikhathi counter iphakethe, 1 - kubonisa umkhawulo engezansi iqembu ilebula, 3 - ngeke lisetshenziswe umkhuba. Ngokuvamile, noma ikuphi kungenzeka ithegi value - ngaphandle eziningi agodliwe.

Isakhiwo indlela esitshalweni

Ukuze uqonde kahle, iziphi izimiso zokusebenza ephalamende inethiwekhi, onjani ubuchwepheshe kuyoba usizo ukufunda izici isakhi indlela esitshalweni ukuthi yakhiwe singene ingqalasizinda. Sici Its main ukuthi siqukethe iqoqo amasayithi - ezingeni elifanayo. Bona ukushintsha kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ilebula on ezingeni othize.

Isakhiwo ezingeni elithile yokusetshenziswa kulindeleke we input bese okukhipha imizila. Ngenhla sibonile ukuthi ephalamende amanethiwekhi ingasetshenziswa LDP olandelwayo. Masitadishe kanjani indlela usuke ingafakwa eyakhiwe ukubandakanywa le LDP.

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuthumela amaphakethe UDP, okungase kuhilele inqwaba amakheli, imizila, ukuhlela indawo yakho siqu kule inethiwekhi - ngokusebenzisa LDP. It kungabuye kunqunywa ukuhlobana imizila okungezona ezakho isiteshi esifanayo. Lesi sici isakhiwo inethiwekhi kubalulekile kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa ukuqaliswa kwe-format idatha emhubheni.

Uma indawo imizila ifakiwe, LDP olandelwayo iqala kwakwakhe kuyinto TCP, isb phezu kwalo. Njengengxenye it yakha isicelo ukuqalisa esibophezelayo, kanye nolwazi ngaye. Futhi phakathi kumadivayisi ezahlukene bangadlulisela imiyalezo test ukuze ungubani yokusebenza kwenethiwekhi.