Ithiyori Institutional amalungelo impahla

amalungelo Impahla abizwa ngokuthi amandla abantu noma amaqembu abantu ukuthi basebenzise izinsiza. Lobu buhlobo obuphakathi kwabangu abantu, okuyinto eyenzeka ngenxa yokuba khona kwezimpahla kanye nokusebenzisa kwabo okwengeziwe.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela amalungelo endawo ichaza imithetho yokuziphatha ku izimpahla. Ukuhluleka ukwenza njalo kuholela nokwanda okuphawulekayo izindleko.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le ubudlelwane impahla zisekelwe inkinga ka ukusweleka imithombo. Ukusungulwa nelungelo ikuvumela ukuba anciphise nokulawula izingxabano phezu ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo ethize. Zinciphisa ukungaqiniseki imvelo kwezomnotho, okwenza kube ukubona izingozi kusengaphambili. amasiko amalungelo Okuvikelwe eziyinkimbinkimbi, amasiko engabhaliwe okwakudingeka.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela amalungelo impahla ezihlobene ukuziphatha inhlangano kwezomnotho. Nokho, enqabelo nemikhawulo unganikezi ukuqaliswa ocacile mithetho.

ithiyori Institutional amalungelo impahla ucabangela exchange of amalungelo njengoba ukushintshana amaphuzu kwemibuso, okubandakanya izakhi nanye: ubunikazi, ukuphathwa kanye nokusebenzisa ilungelo imali, inhlokodolobha ukubaluleka into, ukuphepha, impahla idluliswe ngentando noma ifa, ufanelwe isigwebo, ephakade , okubhekwe ukubuya zemvelo, ukwenqatshelwa ukudla kulesi yokusetshenziswa elimazayo.

inkinga sebhithi

I esifakiwe sibandakanya definition okunembile zonke zamalungelo obunikazi. Uma iqoqo amalungelo ecacile, kodwa akukho ukuvikelwa ngokwanele, kwandisa ingozi yokungaqiniseki. Emhlabeni wangempela akukwazi ngokuphelele ukuvikelwa kanye nelungelo sebhithi ngoba idinga ephelele, ulwazi olunzulu.

Nokufiphalisa kwenzeka uma amalungelo bahlawuliselwe izinkambiso ezamukelwayo noma amandla angaphansi imikhawulo, okuyinto ukunciphisa ukuphumelela ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo kanye nokubaluleka kwayo.

Coase theorem

Ngokusho Coase, externalities (spillovers) kuphakama lapho amandla kungukuthi ecacile neqondile. Yena usola ukuba khona ukwehluleka emakethe. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuba ngcono imithetho. Uma namanje ukwehluleka emakethe ahlale-ke ukusola uhulumeni.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela amalungelo endawo ngokusebenzisa Coase theorem ubonisa ukuthi inkinga akuyona ukutholakala endaweni yangasese, futhi amaphutha ayo. Lapha, indima ebalulekile udlalwa ngu izindleko kuthengiselana. Kuleso simo, uma ilingane no-zero, isidingo isiqondiso sezomthetho. Lapho omuhle, amalungelo wokusabalalisa iyeke ukuba angathathi hlangothi. Kuthoma sinomthelela isakhiwo zokukhiqiza kanye nokusebenza ngendlela. Ngakho, imfundiso kwezomnotho amalungelo impahla, ikakhulukazi Coase theorem, ivulekele ukuqonda indima isimo, izindlela ezintsha.

I impumelelo esemqoka kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela amalungelo endawo neyaziwayo ngokucacile ukuba khona izinhlelo okunye kobunikazi. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko umbuso kwezomthetho. Lapho yangasese ungumnikazi nomuntu ngamunye. izwi lakhe esizindeni nezindaba ukusetshenziswa singu mnqamulajuqu. Ngakho, abantu basesimweni nobuhlobo obukhethekile ngokuya ukufinyelela izinsiza ezithile: ivuliwe kuphela kumnikazi noma abantu ukuze aye ezithunyelwe noma idluliselwe amandla. Lapho engaphansi kukahulumeni ukufinyelela izinsiza ezingavamile inikezwa ngesisekelo intshisekelo lilonke umphakathi. Empeleni akekho unesikhundla esingcono, njengoba ubugovu akekho sika ayibonwa njengoba ukwanele ukusetshenziswa esizindeni. Lapho impahla ezivamile futhi akekho kuma kwabo okuyilungelo, kodwa ukufinyelela izinzuzo livulekele bonke.