I-suffrage yi ... UMthethosisekelo we-Russian Federation. I-Suffrage eRussian Federation

izakhamuzi Russian sanikwa inombolo enkulu amalungelo maqondana kukhethwa iziphathimandla futhi kumiswa izakhiwo zikahulumeni wendawo, futhi yenza izinguquko kuMthethosisekelo. Ngokuya okuqukethwe imithetho elawula ukhetho e-Russia, izwe lethu - omunye yeningi kakhulu emhlabeni. Yiqiniso, akuthina Switzerland, nentando yenengi yayo eqondile, kodwa isimo inikeza abaseRussia zonke izinsiza ukuphathwa egcwele abantu ezweni.

Kuyini ilungelo lokuvota

Ilungelo lokuvota - isimiso semithetho elawula indlela yokhetho kufanele lube khona iziphathimandla ezahlukene ezingeni, kungaba njengoba enjalo noma ilungelo lezakhamuzi komuzi iqhaza ezindabeni zokhetho amalungelo ukuvota noma isimo ikhandidethi. Kuzo zombili izinzwa ilungelo lokuvota ingasho, isibonelo, okhethweni State Duma okhethweni lwesobumengameli Russia, lesifunda kanye nabaholi kamasipala.

Incazelo yaleli elithi "ilungelo lokuvota", ezihambisana nalo iqhaza izakhamuzi okhethweni, usikisela uhlobo yekwentiwa kanye asebenzayo. Okokuqala - lokhu uma umuntu eba nembangi yehhovisi athize kwezokuphatha noma zezombangazwe. Okwesibili - lapho ekhetha. Ngezinye izikhathi ngezigaba ezifana ubizwa ngokuthi division zibe nemithetho mgomo, lapho umuntu ekhetha umuntu futhi subjective, lapho umuntu eba umfundi. Isici esiyinhloko salelo yimuphi umthetho - ukuba khona imikhawulo abantu abathile futhi bengenalo yalo abanye. Ngakho kunjalo ilungelo lokuvota: akuzona zonke izakhamuzi kanye nabo bonke abantu abafinyelela ngokomzimba kuze kube ukhetho, afakwa ikhono bavote noma ukhetho.

Basics of ilungelo lokuvota ngesiRashiya

Tinhloko komasipala, Federation, uMkhandlu amasekela kanye State Duma le izimeya, umongameli Russia - bonke akhethiwe (uma ikhona imithetho yombuso kanye lesifunda ngokungabi bikho ukushayisana nezinye izenzo ungavumeli abanye) izakhamuzi ngesisekelo ukhetho jikelele, alinganayo khulula kuhambisana ekusithekeni wamavoti. Ilungelo ukuvota Russian Federation kusekelwe emthethweni othile oqondile okuyinto ihlukaniswe amazinga eziningana. Lokhu zoMthetho Federal (FZ) mayelana franchise, kwesifunda futhi izenzo kamasipala.

ukhetho waseRussia jikelele, okungukuthi, zonke izakhamuzi ilungelo lokuvota kanye bakhethwe. Ezinye iziqu, kodwa unesikhathi ezinengqondo isisekelo ngempela: ivoti (okungukuthi, ukusebenzisa esebenzayo noma kwesokudla subjective ukuvota) kungaba izakhamuzi omdala kuphela (engaphezu kuka-18), ukhetho (ukusebenzisa ilungelo yokwenziwa noma inhloso) - abantu ubudala 21. Imithetho azivunyelwe ukuvota bese kumele zikhethwe Izakhamizi wathola ezingasebenzi yizinkantolo, kanye ukukhonza isikhathi eside ejele. Emhlabeni wonke jikelele koHlelo umthetho eRussia kusho ukuthi umuntu abagunyaziwe ukuze senqabele yokwemukela okhethweni, angafaka isikhalazo enkantolo futhi ulindele impendulo kungakapheli izinsuku ezimbili.

Imithombo eyinhloko ilungelo lokuvota ngesiRashiya

Ilungelo lokuvota - lesi simanga, ngokusekelwe imithetho. Isihluthulelo Russia zimi kanje. Okokuqala, kungenxa uMthethosisekelo Russian Federation, umthetho eyinhloko yezwe. Okwesibili, zoMthetho Federal "Ngo Inhlolovo", izindlela zokulawula zikazwelonke yokukhuluma ezindabeni ezihlobene isimo kulo lonke leli zwe. Okwesithathu, lawa imithetho kahulumeni elawula ukhetho iziphathimandla, kanye nokuchaza izihlinzeko amalungelo sokhetho izakhamuzi zaseRussia. Phakathi kwalabo yomthetho kahulumeni "On ukhetho uMongameli," "Ngo ekuqinisekiseni namalungelo omthethosisekelo izakhamuzi we Russian Federation ukukhetha futhi ukhethe ukuba lendawo ukuzibusa." Okwesine, ukuze imithombo yomthetho lokhetho ku Russian izimiso kamongameli, izenzo zendawo esikhundleni kwezikhulu esiphezulu, izinhloko iziphathimandla lesifunda kanye nomasipala. Ngezinye izikhathi ukugcwaliseka ilungelo lokuvota iba akubona uMbuso Duma kanye Central Ukhetho Commission, abenza izinqumo ezifanele, uma kunesidingo.

amalungelo Ukuvota baseRussia

Iziqinisekiso amalungelo sokhetho izakhamuzi kwamazwe anamuhla ukusithatha umlingisi kohlelo, kulawulwa isibalo emithethweni ethize ngqo. Yizo ezinquma oda ngokuhambisana okuyinto kukhona kukhethwa izikhulu noma izinhlangano zezombangazwe ukuba bamele izimfuno izakhamuzi iziphathimandla ezehlukene. Kukhona umthetho ahlukene elawula inqubo yentando yeningi - ". On Basic siqinisekiso Electoral Amalungelo ilungelo iqhaza izakhamuzi inhlolovo RF" zoMthetho Federal

Phakathi ebaluleke kakhulu, kubalulekile futhi cishe uqinisekisa izakhamizi izazimthetho kwesokudla basho lokhu okulandelayo. Okokuqala, kungenxa iziqinisekiso zezombusazwe. Zihlotshaniswa ezihlukahlukene nokuhlalisana kwabantu, ukulingana kwabantu, behlanganiswe izithakazelo kuvamile kakade ngaphambi kokuba umthetho, inkululeko ukuyaluza, ukubandakanywa izingqapheli ezimele. Okwesibili, le iziqinisekiso impahla amalungelo yokhetho: izindleko ukhetho abasemazingeni ahlukahlukene babelwa kwesabelomali izwe, isifunda noma umasipala. Okwesithathu, kuba kugada efanele yezomthetho ukuqinisekisa semthethweni lamakhetho. Izakhamizi ngaphansi kwale iziqinisekiso ungafaka isikhalazo izenzo izikhulu abathintekayo enhlanganweni zokuvota nokubala kwemiphumela.

Izinhlobo izinhlelo zokhetho eRussia

Ilungelo lokuvota - uhlobo indlela. Ukuzinza umsebenzi yakhe kuhilela ukunamathela ezindinganisweni ezithile. Phakathi kwalabo, isibonelo, ifomethi izinhlelo zokhetho. ERussia, kukhona ezimbili - iningi futhi ezilinganiselwe. Okhethweni wokuqala owawuse-ilungu elilodwa noma multi-ilungu abajameli. Imiphumela Ukuvota kubalwa ngesisekelo iningi amavoti ikhandidethi noma ukhetho. Kungasetjenziswa iningi ngokuvamile ngokuphelele, lapho ikhandidethi ngokuwina kudingeke sinqobe ezingaphezu kuka-50% wamavoti, noma isihlobo uma winner nguye lithole ivoti okungenani eyodwa ngaphezu kwalezo izimbangi zayo.

format Proportional - lena lapho abavoti uvotele uhlu ukhetho kwakhiwa izinhlangano zezombusazwe (amaqembu noma ngalokutsite esigodzini). Uhlelo iningi kuyisici sobuntu Russian le ngokhetho, kwababusi lesifunda, kanye nezimeya. format Proportional lisetshenziswe okhethweni kuya Duma futhi ezimele wendawo. Nokho, kwezinye izindawo, kukhona izibonelo uma kukhethwa amasekela uhulumeni wendawo ohlelweni majoritarian.

ifomethi Specific amasistimu yokhetho esungulwe yimithetho emazingeni ehlukene. Uma kuziwa ukhetho uMongameli noma State Duma kwamaphini, kukhona osetshenziswayo imithetho kahulumeni. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, okhethweni labetibambile ezindaweni yeRussia, komasipala kuqhame imithetho yendawo yomthetho, kodwa kuphela uma awaphikisani imithetho kahulumeni kanye noMthethosisekelo. Nanoma yimiphi imithetho mayelana ukulawulwa izinqubo ukhetho kumele kuhambisane zoMthetho Federal "eziqinisekisweni oluyisisekelo Electoral Amalungelo", okwakubekelwa eshiwo ngenhla.

Ubani futhi kanjani ukushintsha umthethosisekelo

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, uMthethosisekelo Russian Federation - ngumlayo eyinhloko yezwe. Zonke okhonzile kumelwe siyomhlangabeza. Umthethosisekelo ungabuyekezwa ngokwengxenye (izahluko 1, 2, no-9 kuphela), kungashiwo uchitshiyelwe (Isahluko 3-8).

Ubani onegunya lokwenza iziphakamiso izinguquko umbhalo soMthethosisekelo noma kubukezwe ezinye izingxenye zalo? Leli lungelo has a lot of igunya: uMongameli, uMbuso Duma Federation Council, uhulumeni waseRussia kanye ezimele yezifunda. Inkambo langempela sesibuyekezo soMthethosisekelo izingxenye kuzoncika onjani igunya uthathé isinyathelo. Iqiniso: iqhaza ngqo ku ushintsho soMthethosisekelo kungathatha izakhamuzi ngokwabo.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma engaphezu kwengu-60% wamavoti kwamalungu Federation Council kanye State Duma amasekela wabiza wokubuyekeza soMthethosisekelo ke ngokushesha obize le Constitutional Assembly. Amalungu ayo angenza omunye izinqumo ezimbili: ashiye umthetho eyinhloko yezwe ngaphandle izinguquko noma ukuthuthukisa iphrojekthi entsha. Futhi lapha ukuthi inqubo kungaba ukuxhuma izakhamuzi zaseRussia. Uma izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezinkonzo Constitutional Assembly ngeke bakwazi ukunquma ngekhambi, kuphakanyiswa ukwenza abaseRussia. Ukuze wamukele entsha okusalungiswa uMthethosisekelo kuyadingeka ukuze "yebo" amavoti ezingaphezu kwesigamu izakhamizi, kanye abeze kudlulwe 50%. Ilungelo lokuvota ngesiRashiya - liphinde ithuba izakhamizi yezwe ukwenza noma ashintshe umthetho eziyisisekelo.

Esinye isibonelo - ukucabangela Bill ukwethulwa izichibiyelo lamiswe kuMtsetfosisekelo esahlukweni 3 kuya kwezingu-8 yi Duma State. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-ukufundwa ezintathu, okuyinto efana inqubo ukwemukelwa kwemithetho sikahulumeni. Ukuze lemukela ukuchitshiyelwa akufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamaphini. Ngemva ukudlula ukufundwa ezintathu umthethosivivinywa uya engxoxweni ku Federation Council, futhi lapho ukuvota "ngoba" kufanele kube izingxenye ezintathu kwezine amalungu. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, khona-ke lo mthethosivivinywa ikhishwa izincwadi ezisemthethweni, futhi kungaba izakhamuzi ezitholakele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wathumela ezimele the Federation. Ukuze ube umthetho bill agcwele, kubalulekile ukuba izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu neziphathimandla zesifunda evunyiwe ke. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, isenzo uthunyelwa ukusayinwa umongameli Russian.

Ukhetho kuya Duma State

Uhlelo Russian komthetho yokhetho kuhlanganisa eziningi izinhlobo ezahlukene okhethweni. Omunye kubo - ukukhethwa amasekela yendlu engezansi Russian ePhalamende (Duma). Le nqubo kulawulwa zoMthetho Federal "Ngo Ukhetho of amaphini." Ngaphansi kwalo mthetho, Duma State akhethwe izakhamuzi lokuvota ndaba. Endlini encane iPhalamende njalo akhethwe 450 amasekela. Ukukhethwa senziwa ezingeni federal silingane amavoti inkatho uhlu ukhetho amaqembu ezombusazwe. Lokho akusho uvotele ngomuntu othile, kodwa kuphela union zezombusazwe lapho ibhalisiwe. Emva kokuthola kumaphesenti athile amavoti ephathini akutholayo wakhona inani lezihlalo 450 kuleli uDuma.

Elect amasekela abayizakhamuzi Russian abaneminyaka engu-18 ubudala. Futhi baseRussia omdala kungaba iqhaza ukwakheka uhlu party candidates, ikhankasela, lokubona indlela ukhetho hamba, indlela ikhomishini yokhetho (kuhlanganise ukwengamela ukubalwa Imiphumela). Izakhamizi abaneminyaka engu ubudala 21, ungenza ukuzama yena njengoba umfundi okhethweni kuya Duma State.

Ukhetho lamaphini ekamelweni encane yePhalamende baqokwe umengameli. INhloko State kufanele ukunikeza omuhle, zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-90 ngaphambi kosuku wamavoti (ngeSonto lokuqala lwenyanga, lapho igama elithi the State Duma we umhlangano wamanje iphelelwe yisikhathi).

Into ebaluleke kakhulu, uma kungekhona indima ebalulekile okhethweni lamaphini we State Duma ikhomishini ukhetho ukudlala. Bona lelisu ukuvota ezindaweni lendawo - emadolobheni amancane nasemaphandleni. Esikhathini sokhetho Duma State, nayiphi iphathi kungenzeka uhlanganyele ukhetho uthuma nabameli babo. Ezintathu kuzo: ilungu ukuvota ekomidini, umuntu ogunyazwe ukuba anikeze ivoti zokweluleka, ingqapheli. Ngamunye wabo sinikezwe ububanzi ezithile imisebenzi. Amalungelo lwelungu ikhomishana yokhetho enikezwe umthetho. Ake ezingase, ngokwesibonelo, ingqapheli. Okokuqala, kuqinisekisa ngokunemba ukubalwa kwamavoti. Okwesibili, ilungelo cabanga amavoti ngenxa yobuqotho, izimpawu ezifanele "ngoba" noma "ngokumelene." Kungaba ukuqapha ngokunemba protocol, okubonisa umphumela ivoti, bayohlangana nabanye izincwadi eziphathelene ukhetho.

Kuyini intando yeningi ngqo

Kukhona into enjalo - suffrage oqondile. Kuyinto inqubo lapho imithetho abayamukeli umzimba omele (uMkhandlu noma Duma), futhi bona izakhamuzi zezwe noma inhlangano eyodwa yezombusazwe. Izindlela zingase zihluke lapha: congresses, izinkundla, njll Ngokomlando, intando yeningi ngqo kwandulelwe ummeleli. Le ndlela uhulumeni wayekwenza esikhathini yamandulo e ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi (kuhlanganise naseRussia ngesimo National Chamber).

Manje intando yeningi ngqo atholakala ngaphandle ezingeni ngamaqembu amancane (isibonelo, lapho ekhetha imeya eqenjini kwenyuvesi). Kukhona izakhi yokubusa ngqo ngabantu, futhi kwabanye omasipala, njenge kule kibbutzim Israeli, ku cantons Swiss (plus ku-uya referenda kazwelonke e-Switzerland).

Isibonelo intando yeningi ngqo e-Switzerland

Cabanga imodeli Swiss sokubusa ngentando yeningi ngqo. Nasi isibonelo lapho izikhungo sokubusa ngentando yeningi ngqo yibhange ilungelo lokuvota - kungcono ithuluzi ukuthonya inqubomgomo kazwelonke. Muva nje, inhlolovo owawusedolobheni ezweni lapho kwaba umbuzo kokuqina Inqubomgomo wezifiki. Ukuze into ukuthatha imithetho enzima, uvotele 78,8% Swiss. Ngenxa yalokho, ekwindla 2015 Kuyoba nzima ababaleki ezingaba naturalized kulelizwe European: ngeke, isibonelo, setha emakamu esikhethekile ababaleki ukuhlola abantu. Lesi sinqumo mayelana nokwamukelwa eziningana abahlaziyi, lonke izwe liye labonisa ukuthi kusebenza kangakanani futhi eduze abantu, izimo zakhe intando yeningi ngqo, kanye ububanzi nje indlela kungaba amalungelo sokhetho izakhamuzi.

Umlando intando yeningi Swiss, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando eziningi, kuthatha ukubala kusukela ngekhulu XVI. Kwakukhona ohulumeni ngokuthi "landsgemaynde" elawulwa izimpilo zemiphakathi yasendaweni. Ilungelo bavote kwadingeka amadoda kuphela Unelungelo baphathe isikhali. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukubukeka ngqo intando yeningi Swiss - inhlolovo wokuqala, aphethwe ngoMeyi 1802. Khona-ke ivoti ethandwa kwavunyelwana umthethosisekelo Helvetic Republic.

Manje noma yisiphi isakhamuzi Swiss ungakwazi, okokuqala kunakho konke, ukuvota, kanti okwesibili - ukuqalisa mpikiswano kazwelonke ka bill ukuchibiyela izenzo zamanje, amakhodi noma uMthethosisekelo. Nokho, uzodinga ukuqoqa isamba esikhulu amasignesha isinyathelo ibhalisiwe. Inani ezithile incike izinhlobo inhlolovo. ESwitzerland, kukhona ezimbili - ozikhethela (ngoba kubalulekile 50,000 amasignisha) futhi abophe (amasignisha 100 000).

Lo mehluko wenza kuchazwe kalula: inhlolovo ozikhethela - lokhu ngokuvamile kuba icala yokutholwa yiphalamende yomthetho, okungukuthi ukukwenza uhlaselwe inhlolovo ozikhethela kufanele kube nemibandela ethile, futhi inhlolovo ngibopha - yinqubo "kusukela ekuqaleni", okuyiwona kuhambisana nemibandela ekhethekile edingekayo.

Ukhetho kaMongameli Russia

Russia, ngokusho kongoti eziningi - republic kamongameli. Lokho isikhundla inhloko yezwe akuyona okuzisholo (ezifana eJalimane), uMongameli de jure futhi de empeleni waba ugxilisa namandla amakhulu ezandleni zabo, ngoba umthetho Russian yokhetho unika inhloko yezwe inqubo yokukhetha eziningi ezikhethekile ukuthi ukuhlukanisa le nqubo by ukhetho, isibonelo, i-State Duma amasekela.

Umthetho ukhetho sibeka ukuthi owayengumongameli waseRussia Ngeke ube isakhamuzi ngaphansi kweminyaka eyi-35 (in the case of ukhetho kuMbuso Duma yobudala yokuvota - 21). Lokhu kungenxa indima ekhethekile kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu i ikhanda akhethwe isimo. Futhi ehhovisi likamongameli we-Russia ikhandidethi kumele okungenani iminyaka eyishumi ukuphila ezweni lakubo. Ngokuphathelene naleli ziqu has ukutolika ezimbili. Abanye abameli bakholelwa ukuthi eminyakeni eyishumi yokuhlala ingatholakala efingqa izinkathi ezihlukahlukene ukuhlala eRussia. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi kubalulekile ukuba siphile njalo.

Uma ukhetho kuya Duma State, inhlangano eyodwa ingathatha okungenani zonke izihlalo 450 njengoba izikhathi eziningi zilandelana, owayengumongameli waseRussia ngaleso sikhathi kungaba kabili zilandelana. Kukholakala ukuthi inani elilinganiselwe kamongameli kabusha ukhetho kungavimbela authoritarianism. Ukushintsha ubuntu njengoba umongameli, njengoba abanye abahlaziyi bezombusazwe, - isimo esinokuthula, ukuziphatha esisemthethweni iqembu eliphikisayo, okuyinto njalo ithuba ukubeka ukhetho lwabo okhethweni futhi uwine. Kungenjalo, ukuphikiswa kungase ahlele umbuso. umthethosisekelo Russian evumela umuntu ofanayo ukubamba ihhovisi likamengameli kathathu, kane, kodwa hhayi kabili zilandelana.

ikhanda lika-Russian ukhetho isimo baqokwa Federation Council, zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-120 ngaphambi kosuku wamavoti. Njengoba esimweni amakhetho amasekela we Duma State, ivoti isifika le ngeSonto lokuqala lwenyanga lapho amandla umnqamulajuqu umengameli. By endleleni, le Federation Council awukwazi ukuzishayela ukhetho, kodwa izobanjelwa NgeSonto lwenyanga lapho izakhamuzi ukhetha umengameli ngesikhathi sokugcina wesibili noma wesithathu.

wokhetho lobumengameli eRussia ungase lishiwo ayivumelekile izikhathi eziningana. Okokuqala, uma kuyintando ibe ngaphansana kwesigamu sezwe izindawo abavoti. Okwesibili, uma Central Ukhetho Commission yabonisa iphesenti eliphezulu ukushayisana ukubalwa kwamavoti. Okwesithathu, ukhetho kukhanselwa uma ezingaphezu kuka-25% ezikhungweni zokuvota imiphumela yokuvota ayivumelekile.

umongameli Russian ukuba akhethwe ngomzuliswano wokuqala, uma uthayipha ezingaphezu kuka-50% wamavoti. Uma kungaqali, ke ngemva kwalokho wamiswa round yesibili, okuyinto kwanele ukudayela yiningi.