"I Kreutzer Sonata" by Lva Tolstogo. Isifinyezo, ukuhlaziywa kanye impendulo indaba

"I Kreutzer Sonata" - umsebenzi oluvelele Lva Tolstogo, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1891. Ngenxa okuqukethwe kwayo inkanuko it is ngokushesha ngaphansi ukucwaninga ezinzima. Ngo indaba ifike umshado, izinkinga zomkhaya, ubuhlobo kowesifazane. Zonke lezi zihloko burning Umbhali umbono wakhe wokuqala, ethukile abafundi bamangala. Okuqukethwe lo msebenzi kanye nezindaba okukhulunywa ngazo kulesi sihloko.

Umlando sokudalwa

Inoveli "Kreutzer Sonata" kwalotshwa ngesikhathi UTolstoy crisis engqondo futhi zokudala iyagula. Umbhali umangalele ukuthi ekuphileni kwakhe kwakukhona kabusha "umsebenzi, okuthiwa art." Zonke emsebenzini - uhlelo olusankondlo, isitayela, isakhiwo heroes etemibhalo - usebhekene ushintsho olukhulu kuqhathaniswa imisebenzi ngaphambili of uLeo Tolstoy. Umqondo oyinhloko "Kreutzer Sonata," UTolstoy e yakhe "Afterword," ngokuthi incwadi kwamanye owesifazane okuthiwa Slavyanka kanye evezwe ethula inkulumo yakhe imibono yakhe siqu mayelana yokucindezelwa kwabesifazane abafuna ngenkani nocansi. Abacwaningi zaphetha lokusungula zakudala lokubhala anolaka amanoveli Okthoba 1887. Umkhiqizo lembhali kabusha ngokuphindaphindiwe. Wekugcina yaqale ukufunda UTolstoy ngoNovemba 1989 ababukeli khetha endlini Kuzminskaya.

ukucwaninga

Ngo-1889, UTolstoy uthumele Novella "I Kreutzer Sonata" ngesikhathi Petersburg ukushicilela indlu ngokuthi "umlamuleli", lapho kanye angabaze ukuthi umkhiqizo kuzobonakala ngu ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi. abasebenzi wokushicilela wasebenza kabusha umsebenzi wakhe siqu futhi ukusabalalisa amakhophi ke wonke Petersburg. Kwathi njengoba sigemegeme. Nokho, ngaphambi kokuthi isikhulu kwakuseyimpi kude kakhulu. Ngokusho induna ukuphathwa ubhoko Cindezela kwaba isobala: indaba ngeke ishicilelwe eRussia, futhi incwadi kumele ngokushesha ubhujiswe. ivolumu Nantathu imisebenzi eqoqwe of UTolstoy wenqaba ukuphrinta ngezizathu ezifanayo - "The Kreutzer Sonata" kwahlanganiswa ke. Kuphela imvume siqu sika-Alexander III, owenza unkosikazi ka UTolstoy, Sofya Andreyevna, bavunyelwe ukushicilela incwadi ihlazo ngo-1891. Kungani-ke isigelekeqe esinonya ngakho kwaba umkhiqizo ukucwaninga? Impendulo yalo mbuzo ingatholakala incazelo kwendaba.

isifinyezo

"I Kreutzer Sonata" utshela indaba isiphetho umlingisi losemcoka, Basil Pozdnysheva, owayehlala anolaka, egcwele uhambo kumnandi kobusha, wanquma sizakhele uqale umndeni eminyakeni amathathu. Washada ngoba uthando, wafuna ukuba banamathele "kumelwe ibe nomfazi oyedwa" futhi kakhulu uyaziqhenya ngalokho akuhlosile ezinhle. Nokho, ubuhlobo phakathi kwendoda nomkayo baye baphathwa kabi ukuba labo langemva komshado. Pozdnyshev wazizwa yobutha umfazi abasha, futhi uma kuqhathaniswa ku-"nokwaneliseka Ukwanelisa inkanuko", okuyinto kusolakala "likhanyelwe" uthando sublime. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo hero Saphawula ukuthi umshado wakhe ngeke umlethe iyiphi emizweni ezimnandi. Konke kwaba "ezinjengendle, ihlazo futhi kuyisicefe." Ukuzalwa futhi bekhulisa izingane wakhonza njengephayona elinye ithuba yezingxabano nokuhlukumeza. Iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, imibhangqwana sinezingane ezinhlanu, ngemva kwalokho umkakhe wenqaba ukulahla lokuzalwa, baletha yena wavuka, waqala uqalaza beyofuna nakho ezintsha. Ubethula umxhwele cute violin ngaye "Kreutzer Sonata" ukusebenza ngokuhlanganyela. Pozdnyshev wahlushwa umhawu eselitholile umkayo imbangi, sengimbulele eDamaseku blade.

Ubuhlobo kowesifazane

Uzungu usebenza yisigameko esibi, kodwa eyamukelekayo ngempela. Kuyini umphakathi abathukuthele ngakho futhi washaqeka "Kreutzer Sonata" by UTolstoy? Okokuqala nezahlulelo eveza protagonist. UQobo ukuziphatha antule ebusheni kwakhe kumenza unengekile. Kepha usola ngokuyinhloko abesifazane. Le dress eziyengayo abazigqokayo, bavame "izinto passion." Athi zenziwa omama abafisa inzuzo ukunikeza amadodakazi abo abe ngomkethu futhi ukuthi ingubo phezulu izingubo zabo eziyengayo. Uthi abesifazane kahle amandla abo phezu kwamadoda akhe uyisebenzisa, wazi ukuthi izifiso ngezokwenyama enqoba wonke abanye ophakemeyo namandla ocansini izinhloso. Futhi zonke lezi zahlulelo ukukhathazeka hhayi nje ngobe kutawutfutfukisa bantu bawa, okungukuthi amasevisi kungukuthi ukufihla, ukuba abamele amakilasi ocebile. Eqinisweni, ubiza ngomzimba ukuziphatha izintokazi emphakathini okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi uthi abesifazane iyohlale ululazekile, baze bafunde ukuba babe nesizotha futhi umsulwa.

Isimo Sengqondo emshadweni

Inoveli "Kreutzer Sonata", ukuhlaziywa okuyinto okwethulwa kulesi sihloko, is ukugqugquzela nangokuthi bayazithiba ekulaleni nabesifazane. Kepha akusikho lokho kuphela umshado. UTolstoy libhekisela esithi kusukela ekuqaleni iVangeli likaMathewu: "Wonke umuntu obuka owesifazane ngokumkhanuka usephingile naye enhliziyweni yakhe" - futhi uyazicabangela lezi imigqa hhayi kuphela ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi intokazi, kodwa ngisho nasezimpahleni nowakhe umfazi. Sicabanga ngalokho ezingezona ezemvelo nezinjabulo ngezokwenyama nokunyanyisayo. Uyacabanga ubuhlobo bakhe nomkakhe sawohloka ngenxa isilwane imizwelo engokwemvelo, okuyinto akukhona okungokomthetho ngokuvamile wabonisa maqondana wakhe. Yena okholwa ukuthi kuyindlela engokwemvelo yomuntu kuyinto intombazane engonakalisiwe melanani kuwukubonakaliswa uthando ngokomzimba. Uma umuntu ophatha nezifiso eziphakeme ngoba uthando lukaNkulunkulu, bese ezingcolile ngezokwenyama - self-uthando, okuletha isoni esihogweni. Futhi into engcolile kuphakamisa ngisho yamacala amakhulu esimweni Pozdnysheva - ukubulala.

Isimo Sengqondo izingane

Abaningi ukwahlulela kuyadida iqukethe "Kreutzer Sonata". UTolstoy (indzaba lemfisha okuqukethwe kulesi sihloko) kabashiyanga itshe Unturned e ukuhlakanipha okungokwesiko mayelana uthando olungenamkhawulo izingane zabo. Ukubukeka zakubo ezinhlanu kule Pozdnysheva umndeni hhayi kuphela akazange yokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo bethu nomkhaya protagonist, kodwa ekugcineni konakalisa. unkosikazi kalula futhi philoprogenitive njalo ngokuthi izingane, lokho ekugcineni anobuthi ukuphila Pozdnysheva. Uma umuntu wabantwana bakwa wagula, ukuba khona Basil yahlulelwe esihogweni ephelele kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbhangqwana liye lafunda 'ukulwa "nomunye ... izingane. Ngasinye sasinobuso isilwane sakhe siqu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Abafana basebekhula futhi wafunda ukuthatha uhlangothi omunye abazali, ukuthi nje uya uthele amafutha phezu komlilo. Nokho, UTolstoy umlomo iqhawe lakhe ugomela ngokuthi yokuzala wamsindisa lapho ukuhlushwa wesikhwele njalo, ngoba womshado eyingoduso kuphela ezindabeni umndeni wayengenaso isifiso sokuzinza Ungadlali ngothando. Into embi kakhulu waqala lapho odokotela ayemfundisa ukuvimbela ukukhulelwa.

Sengqondo maqondana art

Kuyinto akukho ngozi noveli ihlazo iningi uLeo Tolstoy ngokuthi "The Kreutzer Sonata" ezaziwayo. UTolstoy, sifinyeto imisebenzi esiyihambayo manje exoxa futhi, kwadingeka umbono yayo yasekuqaleni mayelana art. Wayebheka enye okubi ongenza ngikwazi ukuthenga ugwayi notshwala zabantu ophansi. Pozdnysheva unkosikazi uyekile abelethe, asemahle futhi futhi ngahileleka ukudlala upiyano. Kwakuwusuku ukuqala kwenkathi yokuphela kwezwe. Okokuqala, ngokuvumelana umlingisi losemcoka, iningi waphinga emphakathini yizicukuthwane ngaphansi kwebhaxa kwezobuciko, ikakhulukazi umculo. Okwesibili, umculo ukhiqiza "umbono kuyacasula" izilaleli, kunengqondo ukuthi wazizwa ngesikhathi ubhala nombhali umsebenzi, ukuze uhlangane ne nakho ukuthi umuntu akuyona eyinqaba, amenze abakholelwa amathuba amasha ukusunduza, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, khathizwe okuqonda zabo . Futhi kungani? Lokho umkakhe wazizwa Pozdnysheva ngomzuzu ukusebenza "I Kreutzer Sonata", yini isifiso entsha sekungene umphefumulo wakhe belalela? Uhlamvu main uthambekela yikho okumele kusolwe ngokushona yokugcina ukuwa omakoti ezonakalisa amandla umculo, okumele luhambisane endaweni kanye nesikhathi sokufa, hhayi uvuka abantu, isilwane imizwelo engokwemvelo.

umbono abantu besikhathi

"Kreutzer Sonata," UTolstoy kwaba isihloko impikiswano enkulu, hhayi kuphela e-Russia kodwa futhi phesheya. LaseChekhov bayahlonishwa ukubaluleka design futhi ubuhle indaba ukusebenza, kodwa kamuva waqala ukuba kubonakale iwubuphukuphuku futhi beyiziphukuphuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wathi eziningi izahlulelo e umkhiqizo adalule umlobi wayo njengomuntu "abangenalwazi, ungakhathazeki ... ukufunda izincwadi ezimbili noma ezintathu ezilotshwe ochwepheshe." ISonto wabakhuza ngamazwi aqatha okuqukethwe ngemibono kwendaba. Naye babezimisele baxgeki eminingi yokuziphilisa. Bona encintisana nomunye izici touted bokubeka amanoveli futhi ngolaka wagxeka nencazelo yalo. A. Razumovsky, I. Romanov umangalele ukuthi Leo "e ukungaphili engqondweni" uhlanekezelwe imininingwane ejulile ubuhlobo obuhle bomkhaya futhi "umbhedo azishilo." Bavumelana angaphandle abahlaziyi bemibhalo. American Elizabeth Helgud, umhumushi UTolstoy, yaba nombono wokuthi okuqukethwe indaba kuyichilo ngisho ngezindinganiso nenkululeko yokukhuluma eRussia nase-Europe. ULeo Tolstoy waphoqeleka ukushicilela "Afterword", lapho ulimi elula futhi ecacile ubeka imibono eziyisisekelo emsebenzini wakhe.

kokuzalela indaba

Izibuyekezo Abaningi ongajabulisi engikuthola wezwa indaba yakhe uLeo Tolstoy. "I Kreutzer Sonata" ophoqelelwe abafundi ukuba aphinde acabange kwezinkambiso olwamukelwa, wenza umbuzo ubudlelwane phakathi kobulili ehambisana kakhulu futhi saxoxa. Umbono unkosikazi lombhali, Sofi Andreevny. Ukuqhathanisa kanye ukufana nazo ekuphileni komkhaya uLeo Tolstoy emva kokushicilelwa inoveli babe ngenakugwemeka. Unkosikazi UTolstoy, nakuba ukopishwe ngokucophelela "Kreutzer Sonata" futhi ngenkuthalo bafuna yanyatheliswa, ibibambe igqubu umyeni abadumile. Njengomuntu wesifazane kanye ithalente okungavamile, yena ubhale impendulo umsebenzi "iphutha kabani", okuyinto angena polemics nge Lvom Nikolaevichem. Indaba yanyatheliswa kuphela ngo-1994, kodwa wathola Izibuyekezo engemihle baxgeki. Nokho, Countess yakhe uzwakalise umbono walo ukuthi Ukuziphatha kwamadoda futhi badumale isimo sabo sengqondo kweqiniso zokuhlukumeza abesifazane. "I Kreutzer Sonata", ukubuyekezwa okubonakala ngisho nangemva kokufa kwakhe, washiya uphawu ngokujulile ekuphileni komkhaya UTolstoy, kuze kube phakade kungaphazanyiswa ubuhlobo baso umkakhe.

Ekuphetheni

I eqoqwe usebenza Lva Tolstogo "I Kreutzer Sonata" uyaziqhenya lwendawo. Okuningi nekhono lokukhuluma amabhuku sasobala saleso sikhathi angazanga. Kukhandela ukucwaninga olusemthethweni uye wakwenza ethandwa nakakhulu. Ngokusho ababephila ngesikhathi, ngemva ukubukeka kwalo mkhiqizo esikhundleni nejoka umbuzo "wena unjani?" Bonke omunye komunye mayelana "Kreutzer Sonata". Abaningi imibono ivezwa umsebenzi, futhi manje Ubonakala impikiswano, futhi ngezinye izikhathi funny. Nokho, incazelo nasengqondweni olunembile ubudlelwane emkhayeni, eyagcina ukuthola ngomqondo ongathandeki, futhi namuhla uhlala ezibalulekile futhi kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela.