Izinhlobo izinhlelo zokhetho: ngebuhle nebubi

Ukuba khona kwe-umbuso wentando yeningi ngokucacile sihlinzekela ukukhethwa elilungile uhlelo ukhetho. Kuye ngokuthi lakhiwe kanjani ihlelwe inqubo aphoyintimenti zokuphatha izwe, ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo izinhlelo zokhetho: ezilinganiselwe, majoritarian, futhi edidayo. Kodwa ziyini izimiso yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo, zisiza ngani nemibi? Ake sizame ukuba icatshangelwe.

Concept futhi izinhlobo zezimiso yokhetho

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, intando yeningi kusho ukuthi ingxenye iziphathimandla (noma ubukhosi) eyisa abantu ababamele. Le nqubo ibizwa eyenziwa ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile. Direct Inqubo yokudlulisa kusekelwe lungabi khona ukhetho futhi ngokungaqondile - ngokusebenzisa abameleli ngaphambilini yakhetha (ezifana ngokhetho e Amalungu republic noma inqubo primaries).

Njengomthetho, kombuso wentando yabantu, kukhona umzimba umthetho elawula inqubo ngokudlulisela ingxenye ubukhosi. Kuhlanganisa imithetho kanye namasu ukuthi kungenziwa waqaphela njengezenzo ezifanele, futhi okuyinto akhiwa ngenxa neziphathimandla esisemthethweni. Konke imikhondo ngenhla esiphethweni:

I yokhetho uhlelo - ethile, inqubo ngokusemthethweni echaziwe ngokukhetha ezimele.

Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso amasu kanye nemithetho kusivumela athola lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo izinhlelo zokhetho: ezilinganiselwe, majoritarian, futhi edidayo.

Uhlelo ezilinganiselwe libhekene ukucabangela esiphezulu we ukubukwa labavoti. Ingqikithi yalolu hlobo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi abavoti nokunikeza amavoti abo amaqembu nokuzibandakanya nokhetho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo endaweni yokuqala kukhona idumela party sisonke hhayi yelungu ngalinye. I Party yabhekisela uhlu sokhetho amalungu eqembu, emelela izithakazelo electors ezindikimbeni akhethwe kwamandla. Futhi kulolu hlobo yokusungulwa libhekene "embundwini ukhetho" okhethweni. umthetho okunjalo kwenza ukudlula amaqembu ngobukhulu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuncike imithetho isimo, embundwini lingasethwa njengendlela 1% (njengoba, isibonelo, u-Israyeli) no-12% (Sweden). Lokhu kusho ukuthi iqembu, okuyinto lithole emavi iphesenti ezincane uzwela labavoti, aluphumeleli emzimbeni akhethwe futhi ushaye izwi lakhe ukuya kulabo abathintekayo ladabula leli embundwini. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inqubo yokudlulisa wenziwa ngokulingana nenani ushaye Umvoti sympathies. Yingakho igama lalowo ohlelweni.

Majority. Ngokungafani ngowokuqala azisekelwe idumela party, kodwa nobuntu ikhandidethi eliphakanyiswe ke. Ukhetho senzeka okuthiwa "-ilungu elilodwa izifunda." Ngaphezu kwalokho, elinye iqembu elilodwa wabavoti zikhetha oyedwa. Ukhetho zenzeke ngezigaba ezimbili: yokuqala izintandokazi ezimbili zinqunywa lesibili - ummeleli elilandelayo zezifunda owodwa igunya.

Uhlelo okuxubile. Ukubukeka kwaba ngenxa yokungapheleli lwezinhlobo ezimbili zokuqala. Njengoba ojwayelekile, States ukuthi abaye bamukela lolu hlobo, sebenzisa izinhlelo ezimbili nje - futhi ezilinganiselwe futhi majoritarian.

Izinhlobo izinhlelo zokhetho - ukushiyeka

ososayensi Political nezazi zomthetho ziye zaphawula ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kuphela iningi noma ezilinganiselwe izinhlelo kuholela ukudalwa ezinye zezinkinga kuphela.

Lapho nokubopha nekusebenta kuphela ohlelweni iningi kwephula omunye izici eziyisisekelo intando yeningi - "ikhumbula umbono weningi kwindawo amancane." Ingabe ilungiselelo ngokuthi ukunqoba okhethweni ngeyomuntu ngubani baqoqa 50% plus nevoti elilodwa. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi Abashadikazi abazowina, kuzolalelwa acabangele emisebenzini yabo ngokubona abavoti asele.

Ngokungafani lokhu ukuntula uhlelo ezilinganiselwe usebenza. Kodwa wawunawo amaphutha. ethile Its main livela isethi okungenzeka amaqembu ukuthi iwine ukhetho. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kule ndaba ibonisa ukuthi isimo sezombusazwe wangempela, ungakha isimo lapho ngeke kwenzeke ukukhetha umengameli (isibonelo, i-republic ePhalamende) noma lokwakha uhulumeni.

Lezi zinhlobo izinhlelo zokhetho kungaba inzuzo kuphela ngokusebenzisa uhlobo lwesithathu - a okuxubile ukhetho indlela. Futhi emazweni angaphezu nokuningi esithambekele ukuyisebenzisa, kuhlanganise Russian Federation.

Izinhlobo izinhlelo zokhetho ku Russian Federation

Kuye kwakhiwa ngazo umzimba, umthetho RF osebenza izindlela ezahlukene ukhetho. Ngakho, isetshenziswa ukunquma uMongameli RF ku uhlelo iningi. Ngo ukwakheka Duma State - exubile, futhi kuya Federation Council - ukuqokwa zezinhloko imithetho neyokuphatha iziphathimandla Federation.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, abantu ababuswa umfelandawonye njengoba zisebenzisa kahle uhlelo okuxubile, isici Duma State. Kulokhu, u-50% ayokhethelwa uhlelo iningi, 50% - yi ezilinganiselwe. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlobo izinhlelo zokhetho ku Russian Federation emelelwa izinhlobo ezimbili - iningi futhi edidayo. le ndlela yokukhuluma ngenxa isidingo esiwusizo ukwakheka ngempumelelo ale migwamanda lulwimi republic izindlela kanye Russian Federation.

Kufinyeta bonke ngenhla, kufanele kuphawulwe: umqondo futhi izinhlobo zezimiso yokhetho sinendima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni ohulumeni ukudluliswa kwamandla ukumelwa kanye nokuphathwa kwe-ezindabeni zezwe.