Siyini-GPU (i-GPU): sokuqonda umsebenzi. I Cheka lihlukile GPU

Februwari 6, 1922 Central Executive Committee of the CPSU (b) bamukela isinqumo ukumiswa koMbuso Wakwa-Political Directorate. Siyini-GPU? AmaBolshevik akazange ivumelane odlule umzimba karayusche-ukulawula - the Cheka? Sizozama ukuphendula kule athikili.

kabusha of Cheka

Ngaphambi uphendule umbuzo othi, yini i-GPU, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kungani saphela ukwanelisa Cheka (Commission Zonke-Russian Olumangalisayo) ngo-1922, amalungu enhlangano.

Cheka yasungulwa ngokushesha ngemva kwamaBolshevik ekuthatheni izintambo. AmaKhomanisi ngokwabo baye ngokuthi lo mcimbi inguqula-mbuso, futhi historiography Soviet wabizwa ngokuthi "The utho lwesikhala." Sikhumbula ukuthi ngo-February 1917, sesivele wadlula omkhulu wobunxiwankulu revolution. Umbusi lanqotshwa, amandla kumele uye uhulumeni wentando yeningi - the ababamele LoMhlangano. Nokho, ngo-October 25, uLenin nabangane bakhe eyenziwa ekuthatheni ahlomile amandla.

Ngokwemvelo, amabutho wamavukelambuso akazange ayisekele onjalo escapades entsha. Ukuphikiswa babizwa ngokuthi "counter", okungukuthi, Abasekeli esiphikisayo revolution. Ngemva kwalokho, le nkulumo yaqala amandla bonke labo ngandlela-thile akazange avumelane izenzo amaBolshevik. Kuyinto ukubhekana "counter" futhi wadalwa Zonke-Russian Commission Olumangalisayo ngoDisemba 1917. Kwakuthinta eliholwa F. Dzerzhinsky, wethiwa "Iron uFeliksi" uhlamvu oqinile futhi intukuthelo kanzima.

Kungani Cheka saphela ukwanelisa amaBolshevik?

Cheka - umzimba ingajezisa, omsebenzi wakhe liye aqondiswe abasekeli esiphikisayo revolution. "Contra" wayengase athi yisiphi isakhamuzi ngubani ngandlela-thile uzwakalise ukunganeliseki uhulumeni wamanje. Ukuze uzwisise ukuthi yini i-GPU futhi ukuthi lihluke kanjani kusukela Cheka, uhlu igunya inhlangano ingajezisa. amaphoyisa ensimini kwadingeka unamandla angenamkhawulo. yemfanelo yabo yayihlanganisa:

• Usesho nganoma isiphi isikhathi sosuku noma ebusuku ngaphandle incazelo.
• Ukuboshwa nekubuta imibuto kwanoma iyiphi umsolwa, ngokuvumelana-KGB, isakhamuzi.
• Komhlaba kusukela "kulaks" futhi "counter" ngaphandle kwenkokhiso noma isivivinyo. Yikuphi practice kwaholela ngokuphanga Imininingwane.
• I esitokisini futhi ekukhishweni ngaphandle kwecala.

akekho is ngaphakathi zibamba of onogada. Babebheka ngokwabo "elikhethekile" unelungelo ukuthatha noma yisiphi isinyathelo in the "izithakazelo inguquko" nangokumelene "impi ku counter". A iqembu labadubuli bamaNazi ngaphandle kokuba kuqulwe amacala ngesikhathi "Terror Red" got izinkulungwane abayizakhamuzi ezejwayelekile. Chekists ngokwabo ngezinye izikhathi musa ngisho babone umsolwa. Kusondele Kwakuseshwa ngemva ukulungiswa uhlu ezithile. Ngokuvamile imbangela ubudlova wakhonza njengephayona igama, ukubukeka, umsebenzi kanye nabanye. I amaBolshevik bayinqoba impi yamaqembu esizwe esisodwa, ngakho ayebheka izindlela zokucindezela ngukulunga. Khona-ke kukhona okwenzeka okwenza washintsha ngokuphelele izingqondo amaBolshevik: impi abalimi kanye amasosha. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kubo - the Tambov kuvukela. Izihlubuki esetshenziswa nezikhali zamakhemikhali, izingane nabesifazane abashokobezi bathunyelwa emakamu, ephoqa obaba nabayeni sokunikela. Kodwa isimanga weqiniso ayekhona kwavukelwa e Kronstadt. Eqinisweni, amaBolshevik wayeba njengompristi amandla ukuthi waziletha amandla. Ngemva kwalokho kwaba sobala: ngakho ngeke siye ku.

GPU: okulotshiweyo

GPU imelela Main Political Directorate. Kuhlelwa Kabusha we Cheka senzeka Februwari 6, 1922. Ngemva kokudalwa kuka-USSR kwamiswa ngo-November 1923, i-OGPU - United State Political Administration. Isakhiwo okuhlangene ongene GPU we NKVD we RSFSR (Main Political Directorate of National Commissariat Wezangaphakathi we-Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), kanye zonke inhlangano wangaphambilini we Cheka futhi GPU ka namanye ama-republic. Empeleni, zonke disparate izitho ingajezisa elahlanganiswa elinobunye futhi kucace indawo elawula uhlelo. Ngakho, liyini-GPU (igama eliphelele), thina ezigqanyisiwe. Sibala izinguquko yasekhaya ezalandela ukudalwa le nhlangano.

Linganisa ngokungenasizathu-KGB

I kabusha sehle kakhulu kwanciphisa nangobudlova fighters nge "counter." Ukuze kobushiqela Imininingwane yabhujiswa. Yiqiniso, izisebenzi GPU zasendle nazo overdid izinto, kodwa lokho kwenzeka, kuphambene nomthetho, okuyiwona umusho kulindeleke. Ngisho nabaholi abangcono phezulu i-KGB - Yagoda futhi Yezhov - ziye esingu ngokuba nangobudlova kanye egoba eziningi.

Ngemva kwezinguquko Main Political Directorate ayibuyi ukuba Kara, nezinhlangano komthetho. enekhono lase futhi nezitha kanye izinhloli, kwemikhawulo nokuvikela, ukulawula umsebenzi amaphoyisa, kanye nabanye. izinkantolo Nokho, manje zonke ukuboshwa nokubulawa esimisiwe, Angihlanyi-KGB. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba khona ukuncishiswa abalulekile kwabasebenzi emkhakheni kanye umsebenzi uqobo ilawulwa abasebenzi ehhovisi lomshushisi.

Empeleni, kwaba khona ukwehla onogada: ngaphambi kokuba bathole akanakho ukuphatha phezu kwezinqumo kabusha, abakwazanga ukulungisa noma yimaphi nangobudlova "zabo ukuze bakhonze izithakazelo inguquko", futhi umzimba ngqo abangaphansi SNK (Council of Yabantu Commissars). Cheka kwaba ngaphezu NKVD. Ngemva izinguquko awazange KGB iyunithi "elikhethekile" namaphoyisa, njengoba i-GPU isibe omunye NKVD amayunithi. Ihhovisi lomshushisi yadalwa ukuze yengamele umsebenzi ejensi entsha.

ukuqedwa

Ngakho, liyini GP, sithole aphume. Ithi kancane mayelana kabusha eminye.

Ngo-1934, i-OGPU iqedwe ngokuphelele njengoba inhlangano. It is ngokugcwele ihlanganiswe ne NKVD. Kusukela ngo-1934 kuya ku-1936 wahola inhlangano GG Berry, kusukela ngo-1936 kuya ku-1938 - NI Yezhov. Futhi kusukela ngo-1938 - LP Beria. Bonke babethenga kamuva kuqalisa.

Ngo-1941, i-NKVD lahlukaniswa laba le NKVD futhi NKGB (Yabantu Commissariat ngoba izikhulu Zezokuvikela Zikahulumeni zangena). NKGB baba owalandela we Cheka-GPU-OGPU.

Ngo-1946, i-NKGB kwaba ihlelwe kabusha zibe MGB (Ministry of State Security). Ngemva kokuba amandla, NS Khrushchev MGB liphenduka KBG (ehhovisi lokulondeka kazwelonke) ngo-1954. It yayikhona kuze wokugoqa. Namuhla i-GPU imisebenzi enze neminyango 4 kuphela: GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate), FSB (KaHulumeni Yezokuphepha), i-Investigative iKomidi National Guard.

Nokho, "i-KGB" abazolandela kubhekwe kuphela e-FSB.