I-Periodization yomlando

I-Periodization yomlando wezwe ingaba nezinhlobo eziningana. Kukhona ukuhlukaniswa okuvunywa ngokujwayelekile lapho zonke izizwe zomhlaba zisekelwe khona - le nkathi ye-periodization ibizwa ngokuthi i-classical. Ihlukanisa izikhathi ezinjalo: prehistoric, antitique, medieval, izikhathi zakuqala zanamuhla, izikhathi zanamuhla kanye nezintsha.

Isikhathi sokuqala sisho izikhathi ezibucayi, ukutadisha umlando obunzima ngenxa yokungabi nalutho kwemithombo ebhaliwe. Noma yikuphi ukucwaninga kusekelwe ezakhiweni ezitholakalayo, ezitholwa abavubukuli ngesikhathi sokumba. Izayensi ezinjalo ezihlobene ne-ethnology, biology, paleontology, geology, i-palynology, i-anthropology kanye ne-archeoastronomy kusiza ukutadisha le nkathi . Le nkathi yaqala ukubizwa ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, lapho isithakazelo ekutadisheni umlando sakhula saba yizinga lobuchwepheshe futhi sinqoba umlando wokuthanda abantu. Ngokuyinhloko, ungasebenzisa leli gama kunoma yisiphi isikhathi eside lapho kungekho khona ulimi olubhaliwe. Ukungalungi ukwethula lesi simiso sokuhlukanisa ukuthi ukubhala kubonakala ngezizwe ezahlukene ngezikhathi ezahlukene, ngakho-ke akukho ukuphela okuhlanganisiwe kule nkathi.

Ukuphindaphinda komlando kuveza okungaqondakali nakwezinye zezikhathi ezithela kakhulu - endulo emva kokuthuthukiswa kokubhala. Ngokuvamile kubonakala ngomlando weGreece neRoma, kodwa ukuqala kwenkathi kuthathwa njengesiqalo semiphakathi yamaMinoan naseMycenaean. Kwakuyilokhu okwakuthiwa ukuqala kokuqala, oxhumana nabo bezomnotho nezomnotho babonakala, isibonelo, ne-Ancient East. Ukubhala kuvela. Emkhakheni wezenhlalakahle, umuntu angabona inzuzo yobuhlobo bomndeni, ukuqala kokucubungula izinsimbi futhi, mayelana nalokhu, ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwemisebenzi yezandla. Isikhathi esifanayo sibonakala njengesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwezindlu zezindlini ze-chic kanye nezinkimbinkimbi zonke. Ukuhlaziywa kwezikhathi zomlando wenkathi yasendulo kuphela ngokuwa kweMbuso WaseRoma.

Iminyaka Ephakathi yaqala ngokuwa kweMbuso WaseRoma. Lesi sikhathi esigabeni sokuqala sibonakala ukwehla okuthile kobudlelwane bezenhlalakahle, umnotho. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuhlaselwa kwezizwe ezibuthakathaka ezindaweni ezibuthakathaka kwaqina, okwaholela ekuwa kweRoma ngo-410. Ngemuva kwalokhu, kungenzeka ukuphawula imicimbi evelele njengokufuduka kwabantu okukhulu, ukwakha isimo samaFranks, eScandinavia, Moravia naseKivanvan Rus, ePortugal naseSpain, uMbuso waseByzantine. Ngesikhathi sokusukela kuleshumi nanye kuya kwekhulu le-14 libhekene nenkinga encane yombuso waseFrank, isakhiwo esilandelayo seJalimane neFrance. Ukuvela kwePoland neGreat Duchy yaseLithuania.

Isikhathi esisha sokuqala yisikhathi esivela ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nanhlanu kuya phakathi kweleshumi nesikhombisa. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuzalwa i-capitalism, nakuba uhlelo lwe-feudal luqhubeka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakunezinto eziningi ezitholakala endaweni, ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, ukukhula kwezohwebo kanye nomkhakha, izinguquko ekubukeni komhlaba, isakhiwo somphakathi.

I-Periodization yomlando ngemuva kweNkathini Ephakathi ihlolisisa isikhathi esisha, ekugcineni okubhekwa njengokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinguquko eziyisisekelo zenzeka, isayensi ehlukahlukene yaqala ukuthuthukisa, kwamanye amazwe inkinga yokubusa ngokuphelele yafika futhi intando yeningi yephalamende yasungulwa.

Isikhathi esisha siqala ngokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Izici ezihlukile zalesi sigaba yiMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe, ukwakha izinhlangano zokulondoloza ukuthula, ukubambisana kwezwe, ukuthuthukiswa kobudlelwane bomhlaba jikelele.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abamele imfundiso kaMarxist baye bahlaziya ngezikhathi ezithile zomlando, ngokusekelwe ezindleleni zokukhiqiza. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, kwakunakekelwa kakhulu izazi-mlando, ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi kwaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi iSoviet. Ngokusho kwalesi sikhathi, kukhona isikhathi esiyinkimbinkimbi, ubugqila, ama-feudalism, ubuholi be-capitalist kanye nobukhomanisi.

Olunye uhlobo lwe-periodication, okuthiwa "i-planar" eyodwa, lusekelwe ekuthuthukiseni izwe elithile, isibonelo, kunesikhathi somlando weRussia, njll. Esikhathini ngasinye esithile, lezo zigaba zibonakala zibalulekile emlandweni waleli zwe.