I-oligarchy yezezimali yiyiphi? Izindlela zokubusa kwe-oligarchy zezezimali

Izikhungo zezezimali, ikakhulukazi amabhange, ngokuthuthukiswa komnotho kuthatha isimo sabanikazi bezinkampani zamabhizinisi, ezokuhweba, ezokuthutha nabanye ngokuthola amasheya nezibopho. Abanikazi bamabhizinisi, nabo, bathola ubunikazi bamasheya kanye nezibopho zamabhange, ezihlobene ngqo nabo. Lokhu kuholela ekusungulweni kwezimali eziyinhloko zezindleko zezimali kanye nezimboni. Ngenxa yalokho, uhlobo olusha lwemali - imali.

Ukusekela izinhloko - ukubunjwa kwezinyunyana zabasebenzi

Ukusungulwa kwezimali zebhange kanye nezimboni kuholela ekwakheni ubudlelwane bomuntu phakathi kwabanikazi bezimboni zezimboni kanye nabasunguli bamabhange. Abanye abantu babusa amabhizinisi amakhulu kunazo zonke ezimboni, ezikhungweni zebhange, ngaphezu kwezinye izinkampani ezivela emagatsheni omnotho we-capitalist. Lo mcimbi wabizwa ngokuthi "i-oligarchy yezezimali". Lesi akusona isimo esikude ezweni. Isikali sokubambisana kwezimali ezibonakalayo kungokwemvelo yamazwe ngamazwe.

I-oligarchy emhlabeni

I-oligarchy yezezimali yinto ebonakala ngokucacile emazweni amaningi emhlabeni. Cabanga ngeJalimane, okwakusekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe I amabhange ayisithupha abe nabamele ezindaweni eziphezulu ezinkampanini ezingu-344 ezivela embonini yezimboni, abameleli abangu-407 kuhulumeni kanye nabamele abangu-751 emkhakheni womphakathi. Inombolo yamabhange okuphatha ihlanganisa okungenani abakhiqizi abangu-51. Union yahlala isikhathi eside. I-oligarchy yezezimali ye-United States yayinefomethi ehlukile. Iqembu elincane labantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amane, okubandakanya abaqashi bezentengiselwano kanye nababhange, babephethe izikhundla ezingaba ngu-705 ezinkampanini ezingama-250, eziphethe imali engu-42% yenani eliphelele lezwe.

Kuwo wonke amazwe ase-capitalist, wonke amagatsha abalulekile emnothweni futhi iningi lomnotho wezenhlalakahle lilawulwa yinyunyana yababhange abakhulu nabathengi. Ukuphathwa komuntu oyinhloko yamabhonasi yi-oligarchy yezezimali. Lokhu akuyona incazelo ecacile, kodwa ngokuhunyushwa kwangempela le nkulumo ihunyushwa ngokuthi "ukubusa kwabambalwa".

I-oligarchy yezezimali yinto evamile futhi isici samazwe amaningi emhlabeni, kuhlanganise neRussia. Ngenxa yokuthi inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia iyona encane kunazo zonke emazweni aseYurophu, waphoqeleka ukuba athathe inzuzo yezindleko zangaphandle esikhathini esandulele sokuguqula isimo. Imalimboleko yangaphandle isetshenziswe ngentshiseko namuhla kokubili njengesixhaso futhi njengendlela yokusiza ekukhiqizeni kwangasese. Intshisekelo yaseRussia emalimboleko yaholela ekuthandeni kukahulumeni kumaqembu aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ngakho-ke, i-oligarchy yezezimali yezwe igxile kakhulu emazweni angaphandle futhi ixhumana ngokuqondile nabanhloko-dolobha bangaphandle.

Isimo emnothweni

Ukubusa kwabambalwa kukhonjiswe kuwo wonke amagatsha omsebenzi wombuso, kuhlanganise nomnotho. I-oligarchy yezezimali, okuchaza kwayo kuxhomeke ekuqondiseni ithonya layo, kubonakala emnothweni ngesimo "sohlelo lokubamba iqhaza". I-essence isekelwe ekufeni kweqembu labantu ngokubambisana nenkampani eyinhloko yokubambisana, ephethe ukukhathazeka. Le nkampani efanayo, enezinhlamvu ezilawulwayo, inamandla phezu kwe "izinsizakalo", lapho kunezihloko eziningana ezithembekile. I-oligarchy yezezimali kanye nezindlela zokubusa kwayo kuvumela ukuthi izinkampani zezezimali zikwazi ukuphatha imali enkulu yabanye abantu.

Ukubunjwa kwe-oligarchy

E-United States, i-oligarchy ihlanganisa amaqembu ezezimali angu-8, eNgilandi izinsizwa zikahulumeni zingabantu abangamakhulu amaningana, eFrance imindeni eyaziwa kakhulu engu-200, e-Italy - ngaphansi kuka-150. Ngaphansi kwesigodi sezimali, isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuphatha, okwakhiwa kakhulu. Ukuqinisa isakhiwo kukhuthazwa yimiboni yezivumelwano kanye nezinhlangano zamasiko, ubulungu ema-oda kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zamaqembu. Ubuqotho bomphakathi wezinkolelo kwenza kube lula ukwandisa amandla kusuka emkhakheni wokukhiqiza kuze kube yilapho ingqalasizinda. Kuyinto yokuphila komphakathi ezithobela izinhlangano ezinjalo ezizimele njenge-oligarchy yezezimali. Inani linikezwa ngisho nasezikhathi ezinjengezemfundo zabasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe kanye nokulima kwe-intelligentsia.

Ukwamukelwa ngumphakathi

Ukwamukela izinto ezincane zikahulumeni, umphakathi ubeka umbono womphakathi ongeyena ngosizo lwezindaba ezidumile. Isisekelo esingokwengqondo esiyingqayizivele sakhiwe, esingaphansi kwezwe lonke ekubuseni kwe-elite. Isigaba sokubusa sezombangazwe sigcina igunya layo ngokusebenzisa ithonya lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lokhu akusiyo kuphela imithombo yezindaba, okukhulunywe ngenhla, ithonya emphakathini linikezwa izikole, usizo empilweni yansuku zonke. Ngakho-ke, abantu abaphethe izikhundla zokuphatha, kodwa hhayi ukusekela imizwa yokuguquguquka, ngokuzenzakalelayo baba isixhumanisi kudivayisi yokulawula.

I-oligarchy yezezimali yinkinga enkulu

I-oligarchy yezezimali isebenzisa ngokuqinile imigomo yohlu lokuzimela, ngenkathi ithola izimali ezinkulu futhi zanda njalo ezivela ezinkampanini zamasheya ezihlangene, kusukela ekukhishwe kwamasheya anezibopho, ekuhlinzekeni kwemali mboleko kahulumeni kanye nemiyalo emikhulu kahulumeni. Egxile ezandleni eziqine kakhulu, i-capital capital iqoqa njalo inkokhelo emphakathini futhi ngezinga elithile phezulu kwesibhukulwane sokuzimela.

Amafomu okubusa komphakathi wezwe

Izivivinyo zezezimali nezezimboni zihlale zilawula ekuthatheni izinqumo hhayi kuphela emkhakheni wenqubomgomo yezomnotho, kodwa nasezindaweni zomphakathi. Ihlanganisa amandla omnotho wezikhulu zendawo kanye namandla ombuso wesifundazwe abe yinto eyodwa. Izinhlelo zombuso nomthetho wokuzimela zenzelwe ukuqeda izingxabano ngokubambisana, ukukhonza, ekugcineni, ezithakazelweni zabantu abanamandla.

Esinye seziqephu ezimbalwa emhlabeni ezamukele wonke amazwe ngesikhathi esisodwa yi-oligarchy yezezimali. Kuyini, uzokwazi ukuqonda, uma uhlola izinga lethonya lalo emphakathini wezwe. I-elite, ezandleni zayo yonke imali ehlelekile yezwe, igxile kakhulu, iqhuba ngokusemthethweni yonke imisebenzi futhi iqinisa izinqubo zokuhlanganiswa, ihlelwe ngendlela ehlelekile eyenziwa yizimboni zezimboni kanye nezamabhange. Lokhu kubangela ukuvela kwamaqembu ezezimali ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe. Lokhu kuqinisa ukubandakanya izithakazelo zama-oligarchs avela emazweni ahlukene emhlabeni, okwenza kube nokwakhiwa kwamandla amakhulu amakhulu.

Izinguquko esakhiweni se-oligarchy inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

I-oligarchy yezezimali eRussia, eMelika, kwamanye amazwe omhlaba ishintsha ngesikhatsi njengoba umbuso omkhulu wombuso-monopoly uqala futhi ngenxa yokuziphendulela kwefomathi yobunikazi be-capitalist. Ngisho nasezikhathini zokusakazeka kwama-imperialism, i-oligarchy yemboni yezimali yakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngesisekelo sesikhungo somndeni kanye nobukhosi. Izibonelo zifaka amaqembu e-Rockefeller neDupont, uMellon noPeugeot, nabanye. Ukugxila kokukhiqizwa nokwandiswa komthamo wezinkampani ezikhohlisayo kanye nomzabalazo wokuncintisana phakathi kwezinyunyana ezizimele, kwaletha isimiso sesifunda sokubunjwa nokuqiniswa kwesimo se-oligarchy phambili. Lo mkhuba wagxila esikhathini sokuthunyelwa kwempi ka-1939-1945. Lapha esikhundleni esiphakeme emhlabeni kwafika amaqembu ezezimali alandelayo: Chicago neCalifornia, eBoston naseBavaria, abanye. Ngokumelene nokwedlulele kokuncintisana okukhulayo kakade kuma-50-70. Isimiso somndeni-dynastic sokwakha amaqembu wezezimali siphinde savuselelwa futhi senziwa. Isibonelo: i-Getty neHunt umbuso, Vula namaTeksi, i-Kulman-Stum. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukwethulwa kwamenenja emikhulu emhlabeni wonke kwisakhiwo se-oligarchy zezezimali kubhalwe phansi. Ukubusa kwe-oligarchy yezohlobo zezezimali kuye kwanda futhi kuqhubeka nokwandisa ukuphikisana hhayi nje kuphela phakathi kwe-proletariat ne-bourgeoisie, kodwa futhi nokuphikisana phakathi kwamazwe athuthukayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa.