Kuthe yasungulwa izibuko? History of the amaphuzu

90% inani kwemvelo siyaqonda ngemehlo. Ngisho eRoma yasendulo, ososayensi ongqondongqondo baye bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi umuntu oyimpumputhe cishe ngihluphekile futhi engenamsebenzi. Kuthe yasungulwa izibuko? Sula umbono ngalolu daba alikho, kodwa kukhona okuningi nekucabangela abuye ubufakazi ongakusho okuningi ngomlando kule divayisi.

History of the amaphuzu

Abavubukuli baye bathola ethuneni waseGibhithe faro Tutankhamun izibuko, kanye uNero wahlushwa ukuchayeka kakhulu elangeni futhi babejabulela Emerald, ngaphambili usufakwa uzimele. Futhi manje lokhu okusungulile isebenzisa ingxenye yesithathu yomphakathi wabantu emhlabeni.

Phakathi abavubukuli kwatholakala inombolo kahle esikhulu lens eGreece, Egypt, Italy nabaseMesophothamiya (the uyathola esukela emuva mayelana nosuku - engu 2500 ngaphambi RH). Amanxiwa Knossos eKrethe (Greece) utholakale lens encane eyenziwe rock crystal, ezibangelwa 1600 BC Bokuqala Imiphumela lens e uSarigoni, sangomhla V-IV eminyaka B.C.

Nokho, lezi zikhonzi nezinye okutholakele abaningi ukunikeza asikho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi lens abangu sikhathi yayisetshenziswa njengenkundla ithuluzi optical. Ngisho imibhalo ezitholakele ku-optic okungenakho ukwaziswa ukuthi lens esetshenziswa ukulungisa umbono zamehlo.

Ukusungulwa kwe-zamehlo

Umbuzo uyasala okufanayo - lapho yasungulwa izibuko? Nezibuko lokuqala optical, ezithinta inezici ezicishe zifane ne yesimanje, uvele Italy emhlabeni ekhulwini XIII. By the way, Italian master ingilazi-case, ukugaya nokuhlanganisa wokucwebezelisa zazibhekwa ubhedu emhlabeni. Lokho kuphela nedumela kahle deserved ngengilazi Venetian?!

Kwaphela isikhathi eside le glassmakers Italian wasebenza impahla iyashesha ukuthinteka, futhi zazazi izakhiwo kanye nezici ingilazi, kuhlanganise optical. Kodwa nje umqondo ukuhlanganisa lens amabili Rim fanele Salvino Armati odabuka Florence. Nguye owaqala ngenjongo ukukhiqiza izibuko umbono ukulungiswa, okuyinto yena, babedalelwe kubantu abaphethwe presbyopia.

Ubani ophethe umqondo yokudala amaphuzu?

Lena imininingwane anolaka mayelana beseseGibithe besendlini izibuko yasungulwa kuphela. Njengoba siye saba sobala, impendulo ocacile kungekho, kodwa abacwaningi abaningi oyikholelwayo ukuthi usuku okusungulile ewela ekhulwini XIII.

Kodwa kunesinye, umbuzo okunengqondo: owasungula izibuko? Umqondo zokweseka lens amabili fanele Salvino Armati, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba wazi umsebenzi lo profesa Oxford University owanisebenzela ukufunda isithombe of kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona e lens. Nalapha XIII ekhulwini - Roger Bacon wasebenza 1214-1292, ngokulandelana.

ukunakekela okukhethekile inikezwe umsebenzi wengcweti Italian Alexander I emuva icala. Wayekhona ekhulwini XIII waqala ukukhiqiza lens for umbono ukulungiswa kanye bawathengisele esandleni yomphakathi Pisa kanye zangakhona. Kodwa XVI ekhulwini wayevelele hhayi isikhathi esingcono imikhiqizo optical - kuvinjelwe egqoke izibuko, njengoba abaningi nje abaqondi ukuthi kusebenza kanjani kanye ayikwazanga ukuhlola nezici zabo.

Lapho begodu gade amaphuzu kuqala?

Iphe, kanjani futhi lapho yasungulwa izibuko? Lo mbuzo kuyacaca nakakhulu. Singagcina ngokubu- iya ekujuleni umlando le-accessory ezibalulekile kubantu abaningi. Uma amaphuzu kuqala okokuqala uvele ekhulwini XIII, lo lens diffuser wabona ukukhanya ukubonwa ngekhulu XVI - leli qiniso kuye kwaholela yokuthi izibuko abantu abaphethwe myopia, wabonakala ngasekupheleni ngakho.

Noma kunjalo, lena intuthuko enkulu emkhakheni yokukhanya zokulungisa. Ngiyavuma, lokhu okusungulile kwaba zinhlayiya noma izingcezu ingilazi, lapho abantu basendulo elwa kahle ngcono kakhulu. Eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-700, kodwa amaphuzu kungukuthi elahlekile ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo. Kanye ezintsha ezifana nokuhlinzwa laser noma ama-contact lens, ukukhiqizwa izibuko namanje ethandwa kakhulu.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo futhi kumnandi mayelana izibuko

Ebheka umlando kokusungulwa nezinto ezithinta ukuthi yasungulwa izibuko futhi ongumnikazi lo mbono, singakwazi umsuka kwemvelo kule-accessory esisemqoka. Ngokwesibonelo, ngekhulu le-XIII, kwaba lens, fixed usebe ezivamile ngendlela engenankinga kuphela. XIV yobudala - a Ilensi eyodwa isikhathi ngamancozuncozu, okuyinto lens kuvikelwe nobude isibambo nenhle noma iketanga. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ingilazi ngoba izibukeli, amalensi kanye ozimele isiba ezingcono. Ngakho, ngokushesha wabona lorgnettes ukukhanya pince-nez, okuyinto waze waba uhlobo uphawu inkathi.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izibuko namanye amadivayisi optical abangu ngcono, hhayi kuphela ohlangothini lwezobuchwepheshe - izinguquko ngayohlinzwa kanye nomklamo umkhiqizo, kanye izinga layo kanye impahla. Akumangazi ukuthi amaphuzu ngokushesha ngokwanele wayengatshela wena mayelana nesimo kumnikazi okuqondene lakhe uhlanga oluthile. Ngokwesibonelo, abahlonishwa Spanish nigqoké izibuko zakhe abanamalensi esikhulu kakhulu, okuyinto kugcizelelwe bengabakaJehova nezikhulu ezinezikhundla eziphezulu.

Evolution izibuko umbono ukulungiswa

Ebonisa Ukuthi obuphelele arc - lezipho ezintsha isihlobo, esahlanganisa esikhundleni amaphuzu entwasahlobo, okuyinto ngokuphephile kakhulu linamathele ekhaleni. Masters kanye nochwepheshe ensimini yabo yehlelwa kanye nengxenye enhle lwesintu - I-ladies yasungulwa idivayisi ekhethekile elikuvumela ukuba kalula ukukhweza amaphuzu ku cap. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le okuqanjwa kabusha okusakazekile xv-XVIII eminyaka, hhayi kuphela phakathi izintokazi: izikhulu eziphezulu akazange kunesidingo ukususa isigqoko, ngakho lentwana kubaluleke ngokufanayo kubo.

Yiqiniso, izibuko ayengenawo wonke umuntu - lokhu kungenxa zibiza kakhulu umkhiqizo wabo. Ukuze uthole ekhanyayo ngempela futhi esobala, idinga imali eningi, ngakho ababekwazi ukulikhokhela abantu abacebile kuphela.

Futhi siphinde ngosuku nesenzakalo amaphuzu

Kuthe yasungulwa izibuko - kuyaqondakala. Kodwa lokho zingaphendulwa phezu izibuko? Lapho lo mshini iqale asondezwe umphakathi jikelele?

Okuxakayo, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma izibuko zokuvikela amehlo elangeni kungokwalabo Eskimo. Nakuba, uma ubheka, lo ongaziwa lokhu bonke into. Usuku polar ilanga kuphazima kakhulu, futhi uma wengeza kule mhlophe aphuphuthekise amehlo komkhathi enkulukazi iqhwa, kanye nelikhono iqhwa ukuze bamele ilanga lihlaba, kubonakala sengathi abakhileyo Far North isidingo salokhu okusungulile wayemude kakhulu kunalokho phakathi abomdabu of nezinye izifunda. izibuko Okokuqala emelelwa ithambo ungcwecwe ngengxube kude eziningana ukuthi ukunciphisa elangeni.

izakhiwo awusizo izibuko

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi amehlo - ke iyingxenye ebalulekile olukhiqiza omningi ulwazi oluvela ngaphandle. Yingakho impilo yabo kufanele basingatha enqala kanye njalo zihlolwe nguchwepheshe oqeqeshiwe.

Kunoma ikuphi ke akudingekile ukuba ukhethe esizimele izibuko umbono ukulungiswa ukubandakanya. Ngenxa yalezi zinjongo, lapho bamehlo. Kuyadingeka ukuba uzame ukuze bavikele amehlo abo kusukela yomsebenzi omkhulu, njalo wenza elifudumele-up, lokuthi babanike isikhathi sokuzigedla.

Yini enye eningayenza wengeze? ubuchwepheshe besimanje ukunikela izindlela eziyingqayizivele umbono ukulungiswa - kuba ukuhlinzwa laser kanye contact lens. Nokho, libonisa akudingeki enjalo sisondelene iso, okusho ukuthi akuzona eziyingozi ngakho futhi kuhlasimulise. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le izibuko ezweni lanamuhla - kuyinto accessory umbukwane ezingaba ngokuphelele ukushintsha ukubukeka.