I ngokucacile of enzyme: izinhlobo kanye izici isinyathelo

Igama elithi "enzyme" elisuka Latin. Ehunyushiwe kusho "imvubelo". AmaNgisi wasebenzisa igama elithi "ama-enzyme", lisuselwa encazelweni igama lesiGreki elisho into efanayo. Enzyme okuthiwa amaprotheni ezikhethekile. Basuke kwakheka amaseli bese unekhono ukusheshisa inkambo izinqubo kwamakhemikhali. Ngamanye amazwi, benza yelikhono begazi. Cabangela eminye ukuthi simele ngokucacile enzyme. также будут описаны в статье. Izinhlobo ngokucacile nayo izofakwa echazwe esihlokweni.

izici Jikelele

Ukubonakaliswa umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba ezinye enzyme kubangelwa khona eziningana ezibangela non-amaprotheni nemvelo. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi cofactors. Basuke ngamaqembu amabili: metal ion, futhi eziningi izinto wezinto kanye coenzymes (organic compounds).

indlela umsebenzi

Ngokwemvelo yabo zamakhemikhali, ama-enzyme iqembu amaprotheni. Nokho, ngokungafani yokugcina, izakhi okukhulunywa aqukethe isayithi asebenzayo. Kuyinto iqoqo eliyingqayizivele amaqembu obusebenzayo amino acid izinsalela. Basuke ngokuqinile ngamakhasimende isikhala ngenxa isakhiwo ephakeme noma quaternary of enzyme. Esikhathini indawo esebenzayo ye kulethe kanye substrate ukukhululwa amasayithi. Kugcine - yilokhu kungenxa ngokucacile enzyme. Substrate kungukuqiniseka osithathayo isinyathelo ku amaprotheni. Ngaphambili kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ekusebenzelaneni kwabo Kwenziwa kwi "yokuvala nokhiye." Ngamanye amazwi, isayithi esebenzayo kufanele eduze ukufanisa substrate. Okwamanje ubuswa umbono ocatshangelwayo ezahlukene. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ekuqaleni akukho umdlalo ngqo, kodwa kubonakala ngokuhamba nokuxhumana izinto. Esesibili - kulethe - isayithi kuthinta ngokucacile yesenzo. Ngamanye amazwi, sichaza ubunjalo ukusabela ngesivinini esikhulu.

isakhiwo

Zonke enzyme zihlukaniswe esalisekela kanye ezimbili-ngxenye. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka akheke efana isakhiwo amaprotheni elula. Ziqukethe kuphela ama-amino acid. iqembu Okwesibili - proteid - kuhlanganisa protein ne-non-amaprotheni ingxenye. Kugcine izenzo coenzyme lokuqala - apoenzyme. Kugcine inquma ngokucacile substrate of enzyme. Okungukuthi, wenza umsebenzi esigabeni substrate kule site asebenzayo. Coenzyme, ngokulandelana, ukhonza njengephayona esifundeni okhanda amanye amathuba. Luhilela ngqo yesenzo. Njengoba ingaba njengesihluthulelo coenzymes amavithamini, izinsimbi, nezinye ongaphakeme yamangqamuzana isisindo compounds.

catalysis

Izehlo yanoma yimuphi ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali ngenxa ukushayisana zishintshe uxhumana izinto. ukunyakaza kwabo ohlelweni kunqunywa khona engaba amandla khulula. Ukusabela Chemical kudingeka molecule wathatha isimo ushintsho. Ngamanye amazwi, kufanele babe amandla anele ezidlulayo i isithiyo amandla. Limelela inani lemali elincane amandla ukuze udlulisele zonke molecule reactivity. Zonke yelikhono, ama-enzyme kuhlanganise, bakwazi ukunciphisa isithiyo amandla. Lokhu kunengxenye ekwenzeni intuthuko esasizosheshisa ukuthi bayavuma.

Ngo okubonakala ngokucacile enzyme?

Leli khono kubonakala kule ukusheshisa kuphela yokusabela ethize. Enzyme ingaba nomthelela ekutheni umuntu futhi substrate efanayo. Nokho, ngamunye wabo ngeke kuphela ukusheshisa ukuphendula ethize. I ngokucacile ukusabela enzyme kungabonwa ku eziyinkimbinkimbi pyruvate dehydrogenase. Iqukethe amaprotheni, ezithinta PVC. I eziyinhloko: dehydrogenase pyruvate, decarboxylase pyruvate, acetyl. Ukusabela ngokwalo ubizwa decarboxylation njengoba oxidative ka STC. Umkhiqizo uba acetic acid yayo asebenzayo.

ngezigaba

Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo enzyme ethize:

1. Stereochemistry. Lubonakaliswa ikhono into wokuthinta omunye stereoisomers okungenzeka substrate. Ngokwesibonelo, okwazi ayisukumele fumaratgidrotaza fumarate. Nokho, akuphazamisi cis-isomer - maleic acid.
2. Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke. этого типа выражается в способности вещества влиять только на конкретный субстрат. I ngokucacile of enzyme yalolu hlobo sivezwe kula ikhono into wokuthinta kuphela substrate ethize. Ngokwesibonelo, sucrase iyaphendula kuphela sucrose, arginase - arginine nokunye.
3. Isihlobo. в этом случае выражена в способности вещества влиять на группу субстратов, имеющих связь одинакового типа. I ngokucacile we enzyme Kulokhu sivezwe kula ikhono into okuthinta iqembu substrates kokuba nobuhlobo yohlobo olufanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-alpha-Amylase ihlangana glycogen kanye isitashi. Sinenkosi uhlobo lokuxhumana glycoside. Trypsin, pepsin, chymotrypsin kuthinte amaprotheni amaningi iqembu peptide.

lokushisa

в определенных условиях. Enzyme acace ezimweni ezithile. Ukuze iningi labo njengoba best bathathe izinga lokushisa labo + 35 ... + 45 degrees. Lapho obeka izidakamizwa ngokuya amazinga aphansi, umsebenzi wayo uzokwehla. Lesi simo kuthiwa i kubhekiselwa kuye ngokuthi inactivation emuva. Lapho izinga lokushisa yayo liphuma ikhono abuyiselwe. Kuthiwa uma ibekwe ngaphansi kwezimo, lapho t amagugu ngenhla zenzeka inactivation. Nokho, kulesi simo-ke kuyoba engelapheki, njengoba kubuyiselwa ngokufaka wehlise izinga lokushisa. Lokhu kungenxa denaturation engqamuzaneni.

Umthelela pH

I-asidi we ophethe i-molecule ye kuncike. Ngakho, i-pH inomthelela umsebenzi futhi ngokucacile isayithi asebenzayo we-enzyme. Optimum asidi Inkomba impahla ngalinye. Nokho, ezimweni eziningi kuba 4-7. Ngokwesibonelo, i-alpha-Amylase amathe asidi elikhulu kuyinto 6.8. Okwamanje, kukhona eziningi okuhlukile. I elikhulu asidi pepsin, isibonelo, 1.5-2.0, chymotrypsin futhi trypsin - 8-9.

okuhlushwa

Enzyme ngaphezulu likhona, ayanda izinga yokusabela. Esiphethweni esifanayo kungenziwa shi mayelana emakamu substrate. Nokho, kwakuthiwa kunqunywa impahla ngalinye libe yokumatisa okuqukethwe target. Lapho-ke wonke amasayithi okusebenzayo elalihlala substrate ekhona. будет максимальной, вне зависимости от последующего добавления мишеней. Ngakho ngqo of enzyme kuyinto esiphezulu, kungakhathaliseki kwalokho alandelayo okuhloswe.

Into-nabalawuli

Abakwazi ihlukaniswe inhibitor futhi activators. Zombili lezi zigaba zihlukaniswe nonspecific neziqondile. Ukuze uhlobo zingozi zihlanganisa avtivatoram zhelchnokislye nosawoti (i lipase podzheluzhochnoy indlala), chlorine ion (alpha-Amylase), hydrochloric acid (I-pepsin). activators Nonspecific kukhona magnesium ion ezithinta kinases futhi phosphatases, futhi inhibitor ethize - peptides esibulalayo proenzymes. Lesi sakamuva kukhona izinhlobo ngasebenzi izidakamizwa. Basuke ivuswe ngu cleavage ka peptides esigungwini. Bona zivumelana ezithile ngayinye proenzyme ngabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, e ifomu abapholile trypsin akhiqizwa uhlobo trypsinogen. isikhungo yayo asebenzayo ivaliwe hexapeptide esibulalayo, okuyinto inhibitor ethize. Inqubo ukwenza kusebenze cleavage yayo. Isayithi asebenzayo of trypsin ngenxa yalokhu, kuba evulekile. Nonspecific inhibitor nosawoti of izinsimbi ezisindayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ithusi sulfate. Tibangela denaturation compounds.

okusithiyayo

Kungaba ukuncintisana. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa sivezwe kula okuvela ukufana kwesakhiwo phakathi inhibitor kanye substrate. Behlanganyela ukushikashikeka ngenxa ukuhlobana esakhiweni asebenzayo. Uma okuqukethwe inhibitor ingaphezu kwe kwakhiwa substrate is kopleksferment inhibitor. Uma wengeza ushintsho target izidakamizwa isilinganiso. Ngenxa yalokho, i-inhibitor izoshintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, succinate ukuba succinate izenzo dehydrogenase njengoba substrate. Inhibitor oxaloacetate noma malonate. imikhiqizo Competitive ezibhekwa ukuthonya ukuphendula. Ngokuvamile, afane substrates. Ngokwesibonelo, i-glucose 6-phosphate mkhiqizo glucose. Substrate Kuyokwenziwa okufanayo zikashukela-6-phosphate. okusithiyayo Noncompetitive akuhloselwe ukufana kwesakhiwo phakathi izinto. Inhibitor kanye substrate kungaba kanyekanye abophele enzyme. Ngakho kukhona ekwakhekeni kwakwakhe entsha. Bona kuyinto kompleksferment-substrate inhibitor. Phakathi nokuxhumana isikhungo asebenzayo ivinjelwe. Lokhu kungenxa ephonsa the okhanda amanye amathuba indawo inhibitor isayithi asebenzayo. Isibonelo salokhu oxidase cytochrome. Ngenxa yalesi enzyme ukhonza njengephayona-mpilo substrate. Cytochrome oxidase inhibitor nosawoti of hydrocyanic acid.

isiqondiso allosteric

Kwezinye izimo, ngaphandle maphakathi asebenzayo, ebheka ngqo of enzyme, kukhona esinye isixhumanisi. Uphiko izenzo njengenhlangano allosteric ke. Uma igama elifanayo lihlotshaniswa ke i Activator of enzyme kwandisa ukuphumelela. Uma kuphendulwa inhibitor allosteric ingena isikhungo, ketshezi esebenzayo, ngokulandelana, incipha. Ngokwesibonelo, adenylate cyclase futhi guanylate cyclase libhekisela-enzyme nge allosteric isiqondiso hlobo.