I Abadali Slavic zamagama. Ngubani odale zamagama Slavic wangekhulu lesi-9?

Akubona bonke abantu bazi ukuthi abadumile 24 Meyi, kodwa ngisho akunakwenzeka ukuba sicabange ukuthi ayeyoba lethu uma kwaba yilolu suku ngonyaka 863 zihluke kakhulu, kanye Abadali zamagama bashiya imisebenzi yabo.

Ngubani odale zamagama Slavic wangekhulu lesi-9? Kwakumelwe Kirill mina Mefody, futhi lokhu kwenzeka kanye emva kweminyaka engu-863-May 24, okwaholela ekugubheni omunye izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Manje izizwe Slavic zingase zisebenzise siqu yabo ebhaliwe hhayi ukuboleka izilimi bezinye izizwe.

I Abadali Slavic nezincwadi zokufunda - Kirill mina Mefody?

Umlando Slavic nezincwadi zokufunda akuyona ngokuthi "okusobala" Nakuba kungase kungakholakali Uma unganakile, kunemibono ehlukene mayelana Abadali zayo. Kukhona Empeleni ezithakazelisayo ukuthi Kirill, ngisho nangaphambi Ngaqala lapho edala izulu Slavic zamagama, kwaba ngo eChersonese (manje eCrimea), okuyinto wakwazi ukuthatha imibhalo engcwele iVangeli, noma Psalter, okuyinto vele ngaleso sikhathi zalotshwa izinhlamvu igama Slavic zamagama. Leli qiniso kusenza sicabange: Ngubani Slavic zamagama yadalwa, Kirill mina Mefody zamagama ebhaliwe ngempela noma usuqedile ngomsebenzi?

Nokho, ngaphandle nje yokuthi uCyril ayekhiphe zamagama ngomumo kusuka Kherson, kukhona nezinye ubufakazi bokuthi Abadali Slavic zamagama babe nabanye abantu, futhi aphila kudala ngaphambi uCyril noMethodius.

Arab zomlando umcimbi imithombo bathi eminyakeni 23 ngaphambi Kirill mina Mefody wadala zamagama Slavic, okungukuthi ku-yalolucwaningo 40 kwekhulu IX, babe abantu ababhapathiziwe babe ezandleni incwadi, kulotshiwe ngolimi Slavic. Futhi, kukhona elinye iqiniso sina efakazela ukuthi ukudalwa zamagama Slavic ukuthi ngaphambili ngosuku olubalulwe. Iphuzu eliyinhloko ukuthi UPapa Leo IV kwadingeka isitifiketi esikhishwe iminyaka engu-863, eyayihlanganisa ngokunembile of izinhlamvu Slavic zamagama, kuthi phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi lesi sibalo ku uhla kusuka eminyakeni 847 kuya 855 owayengumKristu owayephila ekhulwini IX.

Okunye, kodwa futhi abaluleke Eqinisweni ubufakazi ngaphezulu umsuka Slavic nezincwadi zokufunda wasendulo ukwamukelwa uCatherine II, ngubani phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, wabhala ukuthi lwamaSlav abantu abaningi wasendulo kunokuba kukholelwa kanjalo ngokuvamile, futhi iskripthi banayo kusukela ezinsukwini ezandulela Christmas.

Ubufakazi ulimi lwasendulo lwamaSlavic ezinye izizwe

Ukudalwa Slavic zamagama iminyaka engu-863 futhi kungaba lusito namanye amaqiniso ukuthi zikhona imibhalo yezinye izizwe abaphila endulo futhi asebenzise nezinye izinhlobo izincwadi ngesikhathi esifanele. Le mithombo kukhona abaningana, futhi betholakala mlando Persian ngegama Ibn Fodlan, El Massoudi, kanye kancane kamuva abaculi emisebenzini sasivumela owaziwa, ke lapho kuthiwa zamagama Slavic kwamiswa phambi lwamaSlav uvele izincwadi.

Isazi-mlando, owayehlala emngceleni IX kanye X leminyaka, wagomela ngokuthi abantu lenqaba i ubufakazi amadala eliphezulu kakhulu kunakwamanye amaRoma, njengoba, wabhekisela ezinye amasayithi ezikuvumela ukucacisa endulo ngemvelaphi abantu Slavic nokubhala yabo.

Futhi iqiniso zokugcina ezingasetshenziswa sina ezithinta lo akhohlisa isizwe beyofuna impendulo yombuzo owadala zamagama Slavic - kuyinto uhlamvu lwemali kokuba izincwadi ezahlukene yokubhala isiRashiya, esukela izinsuku ngaphambi kwe-iminyaka 863, futhi endaweni European emazweni afana no-England, eScandinavia, Denmark nabanye.

I indaba ecatshangwe ngemvelaphi nezincwadi zokufunda Slavic lasendulo

Abadali okusolwayo we Slavic zamagama kancane "ezingabanjwanga" omunye: abashiyanga yimaphi amabhuku futhi izincwadi ezilotshiwe kule ulimi lwasendulo. Nokho, i-ososayensi abaningi kwanele ukuthi ulimi lwesiSlavic elilotshiwe ekhona ezihlukahlukene amatshe, amadwala, izikhali kanye nezimpahla zasendlini ezazisetshenziswa izakhamuzi lasendulo ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke.

Nokho, ososayensi abaningi baye abasebenza ekutadisheni impumelelo zomlando ngokubhala lwamaSlav, umfo omkhulu e amagama Grinevich zifike cishe emthonjeni, futhi umsebenzi wakhe wawenza kube kungenzeka ukuqhaqha yimuphi umbhalo abhalwe isiSlavonic Esidala ulimi.

umsebenzi Grinevitch ekuhloleni lwamaSlav nezincwadi zokufunda

Ukuze baqonde ulimi olubhalwayo lwamaSlav lasendulo, Grinevich kwadingeka ukwenza umsebenzi omningi, lapho yena wathola ukuthi kwakungasebenzeki okusekelwe izinhlamvu, futhi kwadingeka uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, siqhutshwa amaqoqo ezinhlamvu. Usosayensi yena ngokuphelele sina babekholelwa ukuthi lapho kumiswa Slavic zamagama kwaqala eminyakeni engama-7000 edlule.

Izimpawu zamagama Slavic anesisekelo ezahlukene, futhi ngemva behlukanisa zonke izinhlamvu Grinevich ezikhonjwe izigaba ezine: separators yomugqa, izimpawu olunothile futhi kulinganiselwe.

Ukuze isifundo Grinevich esetshenziswa amalebula mayelana 150 ezahlukene, okuyinto abasuke bekhona emihlanganweni yazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto, futhi yonke impumelelo yakhe zisekelwe emagama lezi izimpawu.

Grinevich Lolu cwaningo lwathola ukuthi umlando Slavic Ukubhala amadala, futhi lwamaSlav lasendulo wasebenzisa 74 uphawu. Nokho, i-inombolo ezinjalo zamagama kakhulu, futhi uma sikhuluma amazwi wonke ngolimi lwabo akukwazi 74. nje Lezi yezakhi wahola abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi esikhathini zamagama lwamaSlav esetshenziswa amaqoqo esikhundleni izincwadi.

Isibonelo: "ihhashi" - ilunga "bheka"

indlela yakhe ukuvumele wokufunda imibhalo abeenqwelo ososayensi abaningi futhi bengaqondi ukuthi asho ukuthini. Futhi kwathi konke ulula:

1. Embizeni ukuthi watholakala eduze Ryazan, kwadingeka umbhalo oqoshwe - imiyalelo, okuyinto wawuthi kufanele ubeke eziko naseduze.
2. Georgia, lokwatholakala ngasedolobheni zintathu, kwaba elilotshwe ukuthi elula: "ukala 2 awunsi."

Konke ubufakazi obungenhla ekuphikiseni ngokugcwele lokho Abadali Slavic nezincwadi zokufunda - Kirill mina Mefody, futhi afakazele endulo yolimi lwethu.

Runes lwamaSlavic ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane Slavic Written ulimi

Lowo owadala Slavic zamagama, kwaba ngempela uhlakaniphile futhi benesibindi indoda, ngoba lowo mbono ngaleso sikhathi ozokugiriza umdali ngenxa yokunganaki kwawo wonke umuntu. Kodwa ngaphandle izinhlamvu yasungulwa, nezinye izinketho ukusakaza ukuqwashisa abantu - Runes Slavic.

Ubude emhlabeni wathola 18 Runes okukhona ku inqwaba imikhiqizo ehlukene eyenziwe zobumba, eziqoshiwe itshe nezinye izinsalela. Esinye sezibonelo zalokhu zobumba edolobhaneni Lepesovka itholakala eningizimu ye naseVolyn, futhi esitsheni sebumba edolobhaneni Yegatsha. Ngaphezu ubufakazi elise endaweni Russia, kukhona ezikhumbuzo ukuthi zitholakala ePoland futhi kwatholakala 1771. Futhi ukwethula Runes Slavic. Akufanele sibakhohlwe ethempelini Radegast, elise Retro, lapho izindonga ahlotshiswe nje Slavic izinhlamvu. Indawo yokugcina ukuthi ososayensi abakufundile Thietmar Merseburg, kuyinto inqaba-ithempeli futhi itholakala esiqhingini esibizwa Ruegen. Kukhona inani elikhulu izithombe, abafunyanwa belotshiwe nge Runes Slavic imvelaphi.

ngokubhala Slavic. Kirill mina Mefody njengoba abadali

Ukudala iskripthi isibaluli uCyril noMethodius, futhi isiqinisekiso zalokhu idatha zomlando kwenkathi esihambisana zokuphila kwabo, elichazwa kwezinye imininingwane. Ingathinta incazelo yomsebenzi wabo, kanye nezizathu zaleso umsebenzi ukudalwa izinhlamvu ezintsha.

UCyril noMethodius ngokudalwa zamagama alethwe esiphethweni sokuthi nezinye izilimi kungenzeka ingabonisi ngokugcwele inkulumo Slavic. imisebenzi Lokhu umkhawulo kubonakaliswa Monk abanesibindi, eyaphawula ukuthi ngaphambi ukwamukelwa Slavic zamagama ukuba abhapathizwe ngokusetshenziswa wawenziwa ngesiGreki noma isiLatini ngalezo zinsuku kwacaca ukuthi ngeke kubonise zonke imisindo elaligcwele inkulumo yethu .

Ukungenelela kwepolitiki ku zamagama Slavic

Inqubomgomo waqala umthelela wabo emphakathini kusukela ekuqaleni yokuzalwa izizwe nezinkolo, futhi wayebe nesandla zamagama Slavic, kanye nezinye izici zokuphila kwabantu.

Njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, ngokuvumelana nobhapathizo inkonzo lwamaSlav yayiqhutshelwa noma ngesiGreki noma Latin, okuyinto evumela amanye amasonto okuthonya izingqondo kanye nokuqinisa ezingqondweni lwamaSlav wacabanga indima yabo evelele.

Labo emazweni lapho izimfundiso awazange iqhutshwe zesiGreki nesiLatin, Uthole nethonya elikhulayo abapristi German okholweni abantu, futhi ibandla WaseByzantium lokhu lwalungamukelekile, futhi wathuthuka kakhulu kulo isinyathelo okuhambisanayo, ibayala uCyril noMethodius ekudalweni zombhalo, okuyinto kuzoqoshwa inkonzo futhi imibhalo engcwele.

isonto WaseByzantium kahle wagomela ngesikhathi, futhi imiklamo wakhe babengabalandeli yokuthi omunye owadala Slavic zamagama ngokusekelwe zamagama ngesiGreki, ozonciphisa umthelela German Church kuwo wonke amazwe Slavic ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuzosiza makuqoqwe abantu waseByzantium. Lezi zenzo izobhekwa nayo njengoba ukushukunyiswa ubugovu.

Bani qamba Slavic zamagama ngokusekelwe zamagama YesiGreki? Kirill mina Mefody wadala futhi lo msebenzi baye bakhethwa isonto WaseByzantium akukho ngozi. UCyril wakhulela emzini waseThesalonika, okwathi nakuba wayengumuntu ngesiGreki, kodwa cishe isigamu izakhamuzi zakhona ngamakhala lwamaSlav, bese kuthi uCyril yena kahle, futhi baba inkumbulo kakhulu.

EByzantium neqhaza layo

Kuthiwani uma umsebenzi owaqala ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane Slavic zamagama, olwenziwa impikiswano engathí sina, kusukela ngoMeyi 24 - lena usuku olusemthethweni, kodwa emlandweni Kunegebe elikhulu ngesikhathi, udala lokungafani.

Ngemva eByzantium walinika umsebenzi onzima, Kirill mina Mefody waqala ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo Slavic kanye ngonyaka 864 efika eMoravia nge zamagama ngomumo Slavic futhi elihunyushwe iVangeli ngokuphelele, lapho ayehlangana khona ukuze abe abafundi basesikoleni.

Emva kokuthola umsebenzi esontweni WaseByzantium ka Kirill mina Mefody ithunyelwa Morven. Phakathi nohambo lwabo basuke benza ngokubhala zamagama ukuhunyushwa imibhalo iVangeli ulimi lwesiSlavic, futhi kakade lapho usufika kuleyo ndawo kuze kufike emzini ezandleni zabo zilungele ukusebenza. Nokho, endleleni eMoravia kuthatha hhayi isikhathi eside kangaka. Mhlawumbe ngalesi sikhathi, futhi ikuvumela ukudala i-alfabhethi, kodwa ukuhumusha emibhalweni iVangeli ngesikhathi esincane kangaka akunakwenzeka, okhombisa kusengaphambili umsebenzi olimini Slavic kanye Ukuhunyushwa kwemibhalo.

UCyril isifo nokunakekela yayo

Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu besebenza esikoleni zabo kwesiSlavonic nezincwadi zokufunda uCyril umuntu efulathela kunjalo futhi baya eRoma. Lokhu kushintsha kwezinto kwabangelwa sifo. UCyril bashiya konke ngenxa ukufa ethule eRoma. NoMethodius, ukuba umuntu ahlale yedwa, siyaqhubeka aphishekele umgomo walo futhi akukho zinyathelo emuva, kodwa manje sekuthanda ukuba nzima, ngoba iSonto LamaKatolika laqala ukuba siqonde ubukhulu ngokwawo mayelana nomsebenzi owenziwayo kanye akajabule neze ngalokhu. ISonto LamaRoma unqabela izinguqulo ku Slavic obala khombisa ukungeneliseki kwabo, kodwa ngezinye noMethodius manje inabalandeli owasiza futhi aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe.

Cyrillic kanye Glagolitic - okuyinto kwasho ukuqala lokubhala zanamuhla?

Abukho ubufakazi waqinisekisa ukuthi kungaba inselele lapho Amaskriphthi Kuvezwe ngaphambili, futhi akukho imininingwane eqondile ngezidakamizwa owadala Slavic zamagama eRussia , futhi ubani phakathi kwalaba ababili kungenzeka wabeka isandla sakhe Kirill. Thina kuphela yazini into eyodwa, kodwa into ebaluleke kakhulu - ke baba umsunguli namuhla Cyrillic Russian zamagama sibonga wakhe singakwazi ukubhala njengoba sibhala namuhla.

Zamagama zesiCyrillic yakhiwa 43 izinhlamvu, kanye neqiniso lokuthi umsunguli walo wawenziwe uCyril kufakazela khona therein we 24 izinhlamvu ngesiGreki zamagama. Futhi ezinye 19 abadali Cyrillic zamagama ngokusekelwe zamagama ngesiGreki kuhlanganisiwe kuphela ukubonisa imisindo eziyinkimbinkimbi ababekhona kuphela phakathi kwezizwe ababesebenzisa ulimi lwesiSlavic ukuxhumana.

Nge ithonya ukuze lula futhi sithuthukise ngokuhamba kwesikhathi Cyrillic zamagama sashintshwa, cishe njalo kuye. Nokho, ayelapho nezikhathi ezenze kube nzima-imeyili, njengesibonelo uhlamvu "e" ngokokuqala ngqa, okuyinto efana "e", uhlamvu "d" - fanekiso ukuba "futhi". Lezi zincwadi ekuqaleni sebehlushwa isipelingi, kodwa ukubonakalisa imisindo okuhambisanayo.

Glagolitic, eqinisweni, kuyinto analogue of the Cyrillic zamagama, futhi basebenzisa izinhlamvu 40, 39 babo athathwa ngenxa zamagama zesiCyrillic. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi Glagolitic ukuthi has a style oyindilinga xaxa sokuloba, futhi akusiyo engakhululekile esingokwemvelo, kunokusebenza Cyrillic.

Wanyamalala zamagama (Glagolitic) Nokho akazange athathe, kodwa wakwenza ngokuzimisela esetshenziswa lwamaSlav abahlala kule zindawo eningizimu nasentshonalanga, futhi, kuye ngokuthi indawo abahlali, ke beyiba ngokubhala isitayela yayo. AmaSlav eziphilayo e-Bulgaria, esetshenziselwa ubhala Glagolitic isitayela oyindilinga xaxa futhi Croatian nethonya kuya angularity yencwadi.

Naphezu inani imicabango, ngisho nangendlela engenangqondo abanye babo, ngamunye azinake, futhi ungeke ukwazi ukuphendula ukuthi ngubani Abadali we Slavic zamagama. Izimpendulo kuyoba engacacile ne amaphutha amaningi kanye nokushiyeka. Nakuba zikhona amaqiniso amaningi ukuthi zingamanga ukudalwa uCyril ebhaliwe noMethodius, lakhethwa honours ngomsebenzi wakhe, esangenza zamagama ukusabalala kanye aguqulwe ukuze kwezinhlobo abakhona.