Endopterygota: izibonelo Ithebula

ukuguqulwa Okugcwele futhi olungaphelele isinambuzane inquma umehluko ekuthuthukiseni yabo futhi isebenze. Ikakhulukazi kumayelana ukuthuthukiswa kanye lithathelwe kwezimo ezingezinhle. Endopterygota kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni sethu.

izici Jikelele Izinambuzane ikilasi

Izinambuzane kukhona elikhulu ekilasini uhlobo eyisinambuzane. izici yabo ehlukile kukhona kwamangqamuzana zomzimba zibe ikhanda, thorax nesisu, kanye khona nemilenze jointed. Izinambuzane Zinemilenze eyisithupha ukuhamba futhi omunye pair of zimpondomizwa. On isifuba iningi labo zitholakala amaphiko. Ziyakwazi double nesibaya amashidi.

Zonke izinambuzane zinezikhathi ukuthuthukiswa engesobala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi baye baqaphela izibungu. Kodwa baye bathi sebeshintshe ngokuphelele yayo singenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ukuze Ngokwesibonelo, izinambuzane kanye ukuguqulwa okuphelele ngesikhathi esithize zimi iziphungumangathi. Phakathi nale nkathi abazi ukondla ukuthi ibanikeze nakho kobuhlungu kwezimo ezingezinhle.

ukuguqulwa akuphelele

Cabanga izigaba eziyinhloko ezakha ishintshe ngokuphelele futhi ongaphelele izinambuzane. Ngenxa yalokho, umuntu ezimweni zombili kweqanda we amaqanda amabhu isibungu. Nge ukuthuthukiswa nge yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo akuphelele ke ngokuvamile ungathi omdala, kodwa akanawo amaphiko. Lokhu isibungu feeds bese ikhula. Ngoba ihlanganisa abakwazi yokwelula, kulesi sigaba kuhambisana molting. Kuphela ngaphansi kwalesi simo kungase kwandise ngobukhulu kanye nenguquko yayo ku omdala.

Endopterygota elachithwa at esiteji elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu, kodwa ke iphenduke egobolondweni. Abamele Orthoptera futhi Izintwala amayunithi ungapheli. isibungu zabo ngokushesha esiholela omdala. Izibonelo nezinambuzane ezinjalo kukhona izintethe Dybok, izinyendle imvukuzane, izintethe, izingubo zokugqoka, Pediculus humanus.

Okungukuthi, ukuthuthukiswa izinambuzane nge yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo akuphelele ngokusebenzisa lezi zindlela ezilandelayo: amaqanda, isibungu kanye omdala.

umjikelezo isinambuzane nge ukuguqulwa okuphelele

Qedela ukuguqulwa kuhilela ukuthuthukiswa izibungu pupal. It ufana kangako omdala. Esikhathini iziphungumangathi akudingeki amaphiko namehlo. nemilenze zabo kungenziwa mfushane noma ngingekho. Ezinye izinambuzane akhiwa izitho yesikhashana elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu. Ngokwesibonelo, amacimbi butterfly kwakhiwa imilenze zamanga.

Endopterygota molt izikhathi eziningana esigabeni elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu. Base pupate. Kulesi nkathi kulungiswe pheze ephelele emzimbeni. Kulesi sigaba, lezi zinambuzane ungadli futhi musa ukuthutha. Kukhona akulona iqiniso ukuthi egobolondweni lwakha ikhava olwengeziwe phezulu. Empeleni akunjalo. Kuzo zonke izigaba izinambuzane embozwe kuphela cuticle. Ukuthuthukiswa kusuka izibungu ukuba iziphungumangathi abese isinambuzane omdala kuhambisana molting gqwa.

Endopterygota: ithebula

Izinambuzane ukuthi inqubo yentuthuko esiteji pupal, baningi kakhulu. Ngoba kule nkathi isilwane akakwazi ukudla, ngale ndlela angakhuthazela kwezimo ezingezinhle. Ngokwesibonelo, izimvemvane eziningi kangaka overwinter. Amaqembu izinambuzane nge ukuguqulwa okuphelele futhi izici eziyinhloko ethulwa eshadini.

izimbungulu

Amabhungane iqembu eziningi kakhulu. Sekukonke, kukhona kwezinhlobo ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 300. Abamele oda kungatholakala kuwo wonke bezwe ngamanzi agobhozayo. Bonke babe elytra kanzima, ngokuvamile zipendwe ngemibala ehlukile. Khumbula, njengoba kubonakala zangokwasemuva zezinhlelo oluhlaza amaqabunga Colorado amazambane bhungane. Umbala obomvu okuthiwa izixwayiso.

Amabhungane zidla amaqabunga noma izilwane ezincane. Ngakho, ladybugs udle aphid futhi Krasotel - butterfly amacimbi. Ukuthuthukiswa endopterygota, kuhlanganise mabhungane, senzeka ngezigaba eziningana: amaqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi, isinambuzane omdala - imago. Zingamashumi zonke izici ezahlukene zangaphandle. Uma izibungu ibukeke amacimbi, le imago has zonke izici eyisinambuzane.

Lepidoptera

Endopterygota, izibonelo zazo sizobona manje cabanga, ezinye izilwane zasendle ezinhle kakhulu. Igama lazo yesayensi lihlotshaniswa isakhiwo wamaphiko, okuyinto embozwe izikali. Kodwa zonke esetshenziswa ukubabiza izimvemvane, okuyinto kwisi i Orthodox kusho "Isalukazi, ugogo." Lokhu kungenxa inkolelo yasendulo yokuthi imiphefumulo yabafileyo akha lezi zinambuzane.

Salivary indlala butterfly amacimbi secrete into ekhethekile, okuyinto ezakha ntambo. Kulezi izinambuzane sifake a zokuzivikela igobolondo - umfece noma isiphungumangathi enamathiselwe ezihlukahlukene. Sesigcilikisha amacimbi kasilika amabhu, ogama ubude lingafika ku 2 km, isetshenziswa ukulungiselela izicubu zemvelo.

Hymenoptera

izinambuzane ye-oda nge ngenze ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ngaphandle abamele umphakathi we Hymenoptera. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, lesi uju izinyosi nezintuthwane. Bahlala ngamaqembu amakhulu, ngaphakathi okuyinto yemfanelo ngokucacile kunikezelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ikoloni bee siqukethe indlovukazi (kwesibeletho), abesilisa - drones kanye nabantu abaningi ukusebenza.

Isithombe esifanayo singabonakala intuthwane amagquma. Lezi zinambuzane siyizisebenzi samanje. Ukwakha izindlu uqobo, zingabantu inhlabathi okuxubile, ukwandisa porosity yayo futhi kwakucebisa nge izinto eziphilayo. Izintuthwane babonwa namanje okungenakuqhathaniswa 'namadoda anamandla'. Lezi zinambuzane ezinhle esiyingqayizivele bayakwazi ukuthi siphakamise zinesisindo kakhudlwana kunezinye bebodwa mayelana 25 izikhathi. Lena sibonga kungenzeka ngamandla imisipha okungavamile.

Diptera

Kusukela oda Diptera - futhi endopterygota. Ziyakwazi kalula liyabonakala by engakunaki nokubhuza isici. Lokhu umsindo ekhiqizwa oscillation Ushintshe pair ezingemuva amaphiko. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-haltere isinambuzane futhi unikeze ibhalansi emoyeni lapho zindiza.

ukudla okuyisisekelo omiyane Inkolelo evamile kuba umpe izimbali. Kodwa abesifazane kwezinye zezinhlobo empeleni zidla igazi nezilwane. Le into kuyadingeka kubo ukwakha amaqanda. Ngakho omiyane bengase zinezifo esiyingozi ezingathí sina, njengomalaleveva.

Ziyakwazi izinambuzane eziyingozi nezimpukane. Lezi engalimazi Uma unganakile, abakhileyo womuntu yokuhlala ukudla. Ngakho-ke, izibungu zabo ukuthuthukisa Amahlukuzo udaba eziphilayo: imigodi udoti, lokhu ukwenqaba, izilwane ezifile. Ngenxa yalokho, iqukethe lenqwaba amagciwane, amaqanda worm, ezinhlamvu zama-bacterium phezu kwezidumbu zazo futhi ipheshana wokugaya ukudla. Zindiza futhi singcolise ukudla. Ngo ukuzisebenzisa, abantu batheleleke nge uhudo, i-typhoid, isifo sofuba kanye nezinye izifo eziyingozi.

namazeze

Kanti ezinye izinambuzane igazi-abancela nge ngenze ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu - a zigcwele. Ngenxa yalokho, indlela yisinanakazana wokuphila, zingabantu ngokuphelele elingenalo amaphiko. Baye ukubhoboza abancela mouthparts, lapho zidla igazi kwabantu nezilwane ezincelisayo.

Namazeze ube usayizi encane kakhulu. umzimba wabo isicaba singatsheki, okumenza ifinyelela 5 mm. It kwandisa ngobukhulu ngenxa ukukhula esiswini njengoba agcwele igazi. Kodwa izibungu zigcwele zidla doti organic. Ngakho-ke, lapho betholakala khona phansi Izakhiwo zokuhlala nendawo Burrows namagundane.

Namazeze ayingozi kakhulu. Bathwala eziningi izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye ezibangelwa amagciwane. Lezi zihlanganisa salmonellosis, tularemia, isifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo B no-C, encephalitis umkhaza ezithwalwa, typhus, isifo, myxomatosis.

Ngakho endopterygota, izibonelo esesiye sacabangela esihlokweni sethu, zilethwa amayunithi ezilandelayo: Amabhungane, Amabhu, namazeze, Pereponchato- futhi Diptera. Lezi ziphungumangathi zasondela la mabhungane zihluke kakhulu abadala. Futhi ngokuhamba ushintsho baye ngokuya yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo egcwele emzimbeni. With ukuthuthukiswa ephelele yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo izinambuzane ukudabula izigaba amaqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi kanye omdala isinambuzane - imago.