Amafomu Life of izitshalo

Iningi ezweni elakhiweyo ezitshalweni nasezihlahleni ezihlukahlukene. Futhi nakuba bonke bangabanye embusweni efanayo yezinto eziphilayo, ifomu yabo kanye physiology ngamunye. Ngokokuqala ngqá "izinhlobo izitshalo ukuphila" igama elithi laqanjwa emuva ngo-1884 ngu-sezitshalo Danish E. Kwembulunga. Wayekholelwa ukuthi uhlobo oluthile ekuphileni ephawula isimo isitshalo lapho kuba kahle co-iyaqhubeka nge imvelo. Ngemva kwalokho, kuye kwaba izinhlelo eziningi ngezigaba izitshalo ngokuvumelana nezimfuno efanayo.

amafomu Life of izitshalo: ngezigaba K. Christen C. Raunkiær

usosayensi odumile K. Christen C. Raunkiær ngesikhathi esisodwa ithuthukiswe ngezigaba ayo izitshalo, okuyinto luqondiswe umbandela kuphela. Kukhona kunakwe kuyinto uphawu ezibalulekile okuzivumelanisa amathonya zangaphandle, okungukuthi uqhube isikhundla maqondana nezwe lakwa-izinso. Ngokusho zalesi simiso zinkulu amafomu alandelayo:

• Fanerofity - amathiphu ihlumela izitshalo zitholakala emoyeni, ngisho zonyaka ezingezinhle kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, ibanga ukusuka izinso ukuba resumption of ebusweni inhlabathi engaphezu kuka-30 amasentimitha. izitshalo okunjalo ukubekezelela umthelela imvelo.
• Hamefity - ithiphu yokuphunyuka esinjalo futhi etholakala ngaphezu kobuso inhlabathi, kodwa ibanga elibahlukanisile ingeqi 20 - 30 amasentimitha.
• Hemicryptophytes - amafomu Life of izitshalo, okuyinto libhekene resumption ephansi lwamanga izinso. Njengomthetho, ezikhathini ezimbi, ichopho ihlumela kuyinto phezu kwenhlabathi, ngaphansi udoti.
• Cryptophytes - izinso sokuvuselela izitshalo ezifana zigcinwa noma phansi noma ngaphansi kwamanzi;
• Terofity - elinye iqembu izitshalo, efihlekile ezigcinwa kuphela ngesimo imbewu.

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zezitshalo - kuwumphumela amakhulu eminyaka ezincwadini siqhubeke siphila ezimweni ezithile zezulu. Nokho, isimiso esinjalo akuyona olunembile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi kuze kube namuhla kuthandwa, it is njalo othola ukuguqulwa.

amafomu Life of izitshalo: ngezigaba I. Serebryakov

Kuyinto lokhu ngezigaba ithuthukiswe 1962 - 1964 GG I. G. Serebryakovym, kubhekwa kakhulu olunzulu futhi kunembile ngosuku. Ngezinye indalo yayo usosayensi wakucabangela izici of zone sezulu kanye nemibandela ezikhulayo, kanye isakhiwo vegetative futhi izitho okuzala. bahlukana kakhulu ezine ezikhethiwe, ngamunye okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ayo:

Bok izitshalo (Division A). Lapha uhlukaniswe ezintathu izinhlobo:

• Izihlahla - Izitshalo yaleli fomu zinezikhathi khona abantu abanegunya, stem lignified. Lokhu flora zisetshenziswa.
• Ezihlabayo - elinye iqembu elikhulu izitshalo ukuthi libhekene khona ngesikhathi esisodwa iziqu eziningana, germinating kusuka ithule efihlekile.
• Nezihlahla - izitshalo, okuyinto efana ngiyocasha ehlathini, kodwa abe ezinye umehluko omkhulu, kuhlanganise usayizi ezincane futhi bungakanani ubude bokuphila.

izitshalo Poludrevesnye (Isigaba B). Leli qembu ihlukaniswe ezimbili izinhlobo:

• Nezihlahla -rasteniya iyafana notshani nezihlahla, kodwa inezici ayo ehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-axis yabo lwamathambo ukuphila hhayi ningi than 5 - 8 leminyaka, futhi ngemva kokufa azisona ithule efihlekile.
• Semishrubs.

Ground utshani (Division B) - igama lisho ngokucacile kahle ukuthi abamele emhlabeni zezitshalo united kuleli qembu. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama:

• utshani Polycarpic - lokhu herbaceous Ezikhula iminyaka eminingi, izimbali kungabonakala nasemkhakheni njalo ngonyaka, ngezinye izikhathi kaningana ngonyaka.
• utshani Monocarpic - lezi zitshalo angaphila eyodwa iminyaka eminingana. I lolwehlukanisa - kuyinto izimbali, okuyinto livela kanye kuphela ngesikhathi yentuthuko isitshalo, ngemva kwalokho umzimba ufa.

Amanzi utshani (Division D) - nazi eziphilayo kabani zokuziphilisa ngandlela-thile exhunywe ne medium aqueous. Customary ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili:

• Amphibians utshani elintantayo - umzimba vegetative zalesi sihlahla, ngokuvamile owawuba phezu kwamanzi, emngceleni bemhlaba nemanti.
• utshani Underwater - amafomu impilo nezitshalo kuphela izindawo yasemanzini.

Eqinisweni, izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ukuphila zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Futhi kuze kube manje, akukho ephelele uhlelo ngezigaba.