Class Izinambuzane: izibonelo, izinhlobo, izici

Izinambuzane, izibonelo kanye nezici esiphila kuso manje ngeso lengqondo - iqembu elikhulu zonke izidalwa ezihlala kule planethi yethu. It licishe 80% inani eliphelele kwezilwane. Abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi zilwane iqembu ezifana izinambuzane. Izibonelo ezaziwayo isayensi - akuzona zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona emvelweni. Mhlawumbe kakhulu okwamanje ongayithola. Kuchazwe eziningi wezinsalela namafomu esekhona bakudala ka hlandla ukuvela amayunithi lanamuhla 29, okuyinto zihlukaniswe izinambuzane. Izibonelo zezinhlobo yesimanje uzobe okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko. izinsalela zamathambo Iningi kungokwalabo Lower Carboniferous (izigidi ezingu-345. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule). Ngalesi sikhathi enkulu yamahlathi exhaphozini kakade kuhlale izinambuzane ezinamaphiko.

izilwane ikuyo yonke indawo

Ngisho ulwandle izinambuzane bukhoma. Nokho, Izibonelo zalezi zinhlobo, zimbalwa. Ezinye zazo ahlale phezu, kuyilapho abanye zitholakala zone intertidal, futhi zenye ngisho uhlala phansi olwandle. Kodwa nomaphi lapho lwangena zonke ezinye izilwane, lapho ngokuqinisekile avele nezinambuzane - noma njengoba ezinefomu noma njengoba izimuncagazi of ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Izinambuzane, yebo, - ifomu okubusa ukuphila kusukela e-Arctic kuze yenkabazwe. Ezinye zazo baphile ngaphansi iqhwa, ezinye - ezingwadule, nabanye - usawoti emachibini ezishisayo. Izinambuzane wehlukile kakhulu. Ngo eningizimu yeCalifornia, kukhona ngisho impukane (Psilopa petrolei), ngubani ichitha isikhathi esiningi sokuphila kwakhe kule amaxhaphozi lamafutha. Esinye sezizathu esiyinhloko ukuchuma izinambuzane - ikhono lazo fly.

Ikhono fly

Ngaphandle eziningi amafomu bakudala, izinambuzane eziningi bahamba ngokukhululeka emoyeni, siyivumele ukuba uhlole izindawo ezintsha, balekela ezizingelayo, thola abalingani futhi ukuthola ukudla kalula kuka abayiphethe ukundiza ezilwane ezingenamgogodla yabo nezihlobo. Nye of them fana abambe isilwane asizingelayo emoyeni. Nakuba lalichumile izinambuzane futhi kumelwe ukundiza, isilinganiso esisindo iphiko ndawo ukuthi kwakuthiwa akufanele babe ukundiza. Eqinisweni, imisipha wamaphiko azo ukukhiqiza futhi adayise amandla ngejubane elikhulu kakhulu. Imvamisa High libhubhisa ivala ukuntula lift.

Ubukhulu izinambuzane kanye nendima yabo nokuqhakaza yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Ubukhulu izinambuzane futhi baye bafeza indima ebalulekile ukuvela ukuchuma kwabo. Lapho sebevele nje iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-350 edlule, izimo khona kuyinto okusikhumbuza wamanje. Izinambuzane yingcweti kuze kube manje khulula niches emvelweni. Lokhu kuchaza ubukhulu elincane yabo (ezimbiwa phansi ojekamanzi Kuyavunywa eyaziwa namaphiko afika ku 76 cm), basinde, nivame kwezimo ezingezinhle izilwane ezinkudlwana.

izinambuzane bakudala

Kukholakala ukuthi lezi zinambuzane owehla evela okhokho, millipedes efanayo, lapho ababonakali ngezikhundla ikakhulu khona ezintathu kuphela ngazimbili nemilenze. pair ngamunye unamathele ingxenye eyodwa webele (ingxenye phakathi umzimba). I bakudala iningi izindlela zanamuhla - lawa izinambuzane wingless, izibonelo ezihlanganisa eziqhelelene ezine munye ngaphansi igama Apterygota. Zonke abanye amaphiko futhi zibizwa ngokuthi Pterygota. Springtails futhi protura iphutha, cishe kusukela ezidalweni efana diplura, kodwa womabili la maqembu ziye zashintsha bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Ukuze springtails elinesimo ekuphambukeni ekhethekile lapho esiswini, ke izenzo njenge-spring futhi ivumela lezi zilwane ukuze sifinyelele kahle. Protura abanalo izimpondo, futhi abanye imisebenzi yabo kukhona forelimbs.

Amaqembu main namaqembu izinambuzane ezinamaphiko

Isinyathelo esibalulekile kwemvelo kwaba ukuthuthukiswa kumiswa amaphiko isinambuzane kanye nekhono fly. izilinganiso ezingamakhulu amabili - mayflies futhi ojekamanzi, kabani abamele akakwazanga ukubeka amaphiko emhlane wakhe ngesikhathi ukuphumula, bamunye Palaeoptera iqembu (drevnekrylyh). Izinambuzane sinalolu akwazi ukwakha inhlobo Neoptera iqembu (novokrylyh). amaqembu Seven zibhekwa bakudala kakhulu Neoptera. Basuke izimpawu a mouthparts kahle elula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto izinambuzane ngokuyinhloko herbivorous. Izibonelo: I earwigs (ngenhla), umuhlwa, amaphela Mantis et al stoneflies lamabutho - igatsha lateral izici eziningi zakudala .. Ezindaweni eziqhelelene klopopodobnyh izinambuzane ukukhombisa kancane kancane athuthuke we mouthparts. He is zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo unspecialized e psocoptera (ngezansi) noma ukuthuthukiswa ukubhoboza abancela izimbungulu babe.

Okunye oda izinambuzane (Neuropteroidea) ithole inzuzo enkulu phezu izihlobo zabo bakudala ngaphezulu ngokuthuthukisa umjikelezo ukuthuthukiswa.

Izinambuzane yokuguqula akuphelele futhi ephelele

Ngokuvamile, zonke izinhlobo Palaeoptera Neoptera futhi ngamaqembu amabili, kuye ngokuthi umjikelezo ukuthuthukiswa. Izinambuzane nge yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo aziphelele (izibonelo okuyizinto Hemimetabola futhi Apterygota) libhekene yokuthi Iqanda achanyuselwa abasha (Nymphs) kusikhumbuza abadala. Kamuva, ngemva kokudabula uchungechunge nokwebuza kuthiwa ama, Nymphs baba omdala eyakheke ngokugcwele. Ngo izinambuzane nge ngenze ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu (Holometabola) achanyuselwa kusukela isibungu Iqanda akubukeki njengomuntu omdala.

Lesi sigaba (isibungu noma worm-like izibungu) ngokuvamile odla ukudla ehluke ngokuphelele. Izibungu liphenduka isiphungumangathi, okungase bahlale esigabeni yokuphumula ezinyangeni eziningi bese ngokusebenzisa yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo (ukuba kwakhiwe kabusha izicubu) uguqulwe isinambuzane omdala. Umehluko yokuphila phakathi kwaso omdala ziwenza akwazi ukuthola ukuthi ukujabulela engokwemvelo ehluke ngokuphelele. Ngu Holometabola inikeza 84% of lonke inani zinhlobo isinambuzane, futhi abaningi babo anencazelo kwezomnotho ezibalulekile.

Hymenoptera

Hymenoptera - lamabutho ebanzi, okuyinto ezinambuzaneni. Basuke izimpawu yokuthi isakhiwo esiyisisekelo we plan banayo izinguquko ezincane noma engenazo nhlobo. Nokho, lezi zilwane bahluke kakhulu kwezinye izinambuzane nge ngenze ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu. Lena iqembu sasivumela ayesezindaweni ezingazodwa, kodwa by the nature of ukuthuthukiswa elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu futhi baye bathi sebeshintshe ngokuphelele, yena uza scorpion.

Ukuzijwayeza imvelo

Ukuze Coleoptera - iyunithi ngobukhulu phakathi kwezilwane - libhekene ukuthuthukiswa kwe-elytra kanzima, esehlanganise emuva yebhangqa amaphiko membranous, okuyinto abakhonza abaleka. Amandla skeleton yangaphandle namakhono oluhambelana isakhiwo somzimba eziyisisekelo wazibonakalisa izici ehamba phambili ekuthuthukiseni abantu abadala kwendawo yemvelo ehlukene. I endopterygota asele babeqoqana emhlabeni scorpion kanye olubanzi lamabutho.

Butterflies abaqashelwa amaphiko zibe maholoholo futhi mouthparts ezikhethekile aguqulelwe zidla umpe. Ukuvela leli qembu kanti amanye amalungu oda Diptera laliphathelene obuseduze kwemvelo zezimbali.

Trichoptera branched ngiwunqume izimvemvane ekuzuzeni amaphiko onoboya kanti ukuhlafuna mouthparts. Lezi ziphungumangathi zasondela kukhona yokuphila emanzini. Diptera fly nge phambi pair of amaphiko, kanti eyesibili iguqulwe ukuze halters edlala indima indiza yakhoibrium izitho. Diptera izibungu umbukiso lunye enkulu oluhambelana kunamanye izinambuzane. Abantu abaningi abadala zidla igazi, futhi lokhu kungenxa indima yabo ukudluliswa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo. Vala Diptera kukhona namazeze, abanayo amaphiko futhi umzimba isicaba singatsheki. Ngesikhathi lamabutho ka izintwala leli qembu kungokwalabo ectoparasites kwezilwane esinegazi elifudumele.

inkinga inkathazo

Izinhlobo eziningi evolutionarily eziseqophelweni izinambuzane Holometabola bavame ukubanga umonakalo ebalulekile ukuze umuntu. Kungalimaza isitshalo noma izifo eziyingozi. Phakathi Hemimetabola izinambuzane ezimbalwa ezifana. Izibonelo (izinambuzane) - nezintwala isikhonyane. Kodwa kubangele umonakalo omkhulu kubantu. eyodwa kuphela zinhlobo - ehlane isikhonyane (Schistocerca gregaria) - kungabangela indlala yokufuna ngaphezulu kuka-10% sabantu emhlabeni. Lokhu isinambuzane (ngezansi) esandisa ngokushesha ngemva kwezimvula ezinkulu kanye okungazelelwe kwandile, ukudla yonke imifino endleleni.

Nokho, kumelwe kushiwo ukuthi izinambuzane eziningi kukhona bathi akunangozi neze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, badlala indima yabo esisemqoka ngokwemvelo.

Ngakho, siye sacabangela iqembu ezithakazelisayo futhi enkulu izilwane kangaka, sengathi izinambuzane. igama Izibonelo, ngezigaba kanye nezici zabo banikezwe sihloko. Sethemba, ukufunda kwaba mnandi futhi ewusizo ngawe.