Kuyini esifundeni kwezomnotho. Central Black Earth esifundeni: ulwazi olujwayelekile

Central Black Earth esifundeni kwezomnotho (TSCHER) Kubalulekile kakhulu isakhiwo kwezomnotho we Russian Federation. Lokhu kungenxa ezindawo indawo futhi ukukhiqizwa izindawo elise insimu yalo. Ake ufunde kabanzi yokuthi kuyini esifundeni kwezomnotho Central Black Earth. Futhi ukugxila definition umqondo regionalization.

izifunda Economic Russia

esifundeni Economic - kuyingxenye yezwe ukuthi inezici ezithile lunye yomnotho, kuzingqalasizinda ezivamile, izindlela zokuxhumana.

Redistricting akuyona ingxenye division zokuphatha-indawo yezwe, futhi ukhonza njengephayona ethemini kwezomnotho-okuyo lula ukuqonda ubudlelwano kwezomnotho, kanye ngaphezulu ithuba elula ukuhlela ukuqhubeka esifundeni.

Okwamanje, Russian Federation ukwaba lezi nambili izifundo. I kwezomnotho endaweni Central Black Earth - omunye wabo. On kuzoxoxwa kabanzi ngezansi.

I ezindawo indawo endaweni

Economic Region Central Black Earth itholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeRussia. Idolobha elikhulu, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo maphakathi nalo olungekho emthethweni - Voronezh, okuyinto inabantu abantu kuka-1 million. Isakhiwo Central Black Earth esifundeni kwezomnotho kuhlanganisa ezinhlanu izifunda of Russia: eKursk, Lipetsk, eVoronezh Sifundazwe, Tambov. (. 52 200 skwele) Le ndawo elikhulu lezi -Voronezhskaya, futhi endaweni kulencane has Lipetsk - 24,000 square metres. km. Area Sifundazwe, eKursk kanye Tambov izindawo 27100, 30 000 noma 34 500 sq. km ngokulandelana.

Ngezinye izikhathi ubizwa esifundeni njengoba orel esifundeni, okuyinto has enibaziyo nakuletinye tifundvo yomlando Russian of umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama efana yentuthuko kanye izibopho eziqinile zomnotho. Kodwa ngo nokuklanywa lanamuhla olusemthethweni sihlobana esifundeni kwezomnotho Central.

Ngakho, 167 700 sq. km - endaweni indawo, okuyinto ine Central Black Earth esifundeni kwezomnotho. EGP (izimo zezomnotho ezindawo) kuba impela ezisizayo. Le ndawo ngesikhathi esifanayo iseduzane isihlobo enhlokodolobha futhi kabanzi ezakhelene emngceleni phakathi Russia nase-Ukraine. Lokhu kunengxenye ekwenzeni inzuzo enkulu futhi insimu yalo, Nokho, okuyinto, kwehle ngenxa eziya ziba zimbi of ubudlelwano nomakhelwane.

igama

Economic Region (Central Black Earth) lethiwa phakathi nesikhathi uMbuso isiRashiya, lapho matasa ngempela zisendaweni ephakathi eYurophu eyayiyingxenye yezwe. Okwamanje, igama layo esemthethweni akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele, kusukela endaweni isendaweni imingcele esentshonalanga ye Russia nase akuyona ngokwendawo emaphakathi.

Black Earth wesifunda okuthiwa ngenxa yokuthi ngesisekelo inhlabathi salo inhlabathi evundile abamnyama. Igama lakhe lesibili, okuyinto kunyatheliswa sasivumela ububanzi - Black Earth.

indaba

Central Black Earth kwezomnotho esifundeni Russia inomlando kunalokho ezithakazelisayo futhi eside yentuthuko.

Imizana lokuqala abantu zanamuhla baye eziyisisekelo ezitholakala kule ndawo kukhona abaningi ku-Bronze Age. Yibona okuthiwa Abashevo isiko. Kamuva, insimu lalihlala izizwe eziningi Chernozemya: amaSkithe Sarmatians, Alans, Khazars, Pechenegs, Cumans.

Ezingxenyeni enkulu endaweni ixazululwe nezizwana lenqaba northerners, lapho okuthiwa Siverschyna. Waba yingxenye Old isimo isiRashiya, futhi ngemva kokuwa yayo wawuyingxenye Chernigov futhi principalities Novgorod-Seversky. Isisekelo emzini eKursk ngomhla ngonyaka 1032. He is endala lamalokishi ekhona endaweni Black Soil.

Ngemva amaMongol ahlasele lezi zindawo wafika incithakalo. Lapha zazulazula Nogai. West umsinga Central Black Earth sifunda beba ingxenye Duchy of Lithuania.

Kusukela ngekhulu xv ekuqiniseni enkulu ubukhulu eMoscow, okwakubekelwa ukuguqulelwa embusweni Russian. Ithonya lakhe ke waqala ukusakazekela emazweni Chernozem. Lezi zifiki bavikela imingcele eseningizimu yezwe ngo YaseCrimea Khanate futhi umane befuna indawo evundile. Ekupheleni nesithupha inqaba ekhulwini eyakhelwe Sifundazwe futhi Voronezh, futhi kamuva ngaba emadolobheni amakhulu, futhi manje isikhungo lesifunda.

Phakathi Empire isiRashiya, emva kabusha sokuphatha 1708, Chernozem indawo lalihlukene phakathi, kukhona i-Azov futhi Kiev izifundazwe. Singasho ukuthi phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu xv, esifundeni ngokuyinhloko yedwa futhi atholwe eziningi izici kuye. Ngu 1880 zihlanganisa ukushicilelwa izibalo, lapho umi imaphakathi yezolimo (TSCHER esizayo), ehlanganisa izifundazwe ezilandelayo: Kaluga, eVoronezh Penza, Ryazan, Tambov, eKursk, orel, Tula.

Ngemva kokufika kwamandla Soviet, ngo-1928, kwakheka ehlukile Central Black Earth esifundeni ne isikhungo lesifunda of Voronezh. isakhiwo sayo ihlanganisa orel, eVoronezh Tambov kanye eKursk izifundazwe. Ngo-1934, esifundeni Central Black Earth uyekwa futhi ahlukaniswe Voronezh futhi eKursk esifundeni. Ngo-1937, kusukela isakhiwo sabo zihlonzwe orel kanye Tambov izifunda, kwathi ngo-1954 Lipetsk kakhudlwana futhi Sifundazwe.

Kuyinto nenkathi yamaSoviet kakhulu ebangela kwetimboni esifundeni, ukwakhiwa izimboni ezinkulu kanye namabhizinisi, kanye nekutfutfukiswa kwetindzawo olunzulu kwezolimo. Kwathiwa yethulwa regionalization kwezomnotho ngomqondo wesimanje bezwi, futhi kuqokonyiswe TSCHER.

Isigaba yesimanje

Ngemva isimemezelo sovereignty of RSFSR ekupheleni Meyi 1991 Usihlalo isimemezelo Armed Forces Borisa Eltsina kwamenyezelwa ukudalwa Association of "Black Earth", okuyinto lwenzelwe ukwenza lula ukuxhumana nokubambisana ezindaweni ngazinye esifundeni. Ngu 2010, iNhlangano lufaka izifunda 10, 5 zazo akufakiwe TSCHER, nakuba zinezikhwepha eduze ngokushesha ngakho.

I eligadulayo 90-s, kanye sihlanganisa lonke izwe laseRussia, esifundeni ubhekene nezikhathi ezinzima: ukukhiqizwa wawa, amabhizinisi amaningi avalwa. Lokhu kwakubangelwa ezicashile ushintsho kusuka lohleliwe emnotfweni emakethe. Kodwa kusukela kowezi-2000, isimo somnotho esifundeni Central Black Earth lithuthukile kakhulu, nakuba namanje neze zinciphile amandla ayo egcwele.

labantu

Inani labantu base-Central Black Earth esifundeni kwezomnotho okwamanje kungathi izinkulungwane 7800. Abantu abaku kwabantu zabantu 46 square kilometre. km. Inani elikhulu labantu lihlala emadolobheni amakhulu - 70%, futhi% 30 kuphela abantu abaya izakhamizi zasemaphandleni.

Isifunda ugcwale iningi Chernozem - Voronezh. lapho bakhona abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2,3, zazo ngaphezu kwe-akhawunti 1 million yena Voronezh. I last into abahlali Tambov esifundeni - abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1.05. Population Sifundazwe, Lipetsk futhi eKursk izifunda 1.6, 1.2 nabantu 1.1 million. ngokulandelana.

Kwabantu esiphezulu sabantu kuleli Sifundazwe esifundeni -. 57,1 abantu / sq. km. I encane kunazo zonke Tambov -. 30,5 abantu / sq Km. km. akhawunti izinkomba ahambisanayo Lipetsk, Voronezh futhi eKursk ezifundeni ukuze 48,1, 44,7, 37,3 abantu / sq. M. km.

Ukwakheka kazwelonke we inani labantu esifundeni (phezu 95%) kukhona Russian. Isibalo Ukraine musa idlule 1.5-2% labantu esifundeni kwezomnotho. Phakathi kwezinye ezincane kufanele kuphawulwe Armenia, amaGypsy, Azerbaijanis, abaseTurkey, amaJuda Yezidi Kurds. Nokho, noma iyiphi inombolo abamele ala maqembu ezinhlanga ezithile kuwubulungisa encane - ngaphansi kuka-0.5% we lonke inani izakhamizi Chernozemya.

emadolobheni

amadolobha umlando ekhazimulayo - inqwaba nemizana enkulu itholakala ensimini ka esifundeni Black Earth.

Lesi sivumelwano elikhulu esifundeni komnotho edolobheni APC - Voronezh, lapho labantu lidlula abantu 1 million. Phakathi kwezinye izinhlangano ezinkulu kufanele zabelwe izindawo ezifana Lipetck (angaphezu kuka-500 eziyinkulungwane. Izakhamuzi) eKursk (angaphezu kuka-420 eziyinkulungwane. Izakhamuzi), Bilgorod (ezingaphezu kuka-380 eziyinkulungwane. Izakhamuzi) Tambov (angaphezu kuka-280 eziyinkulungwane. Izakhamuzi). Inombolo yomhlaba wonke yesikhungo lesifunda ngobukhulu lingumuzi Stary Oskol ku Sifundazwe esifundeni. Bakhona abangaphezu kuka-250 eziyinkulungwane. Izakhamuzi.

Zonke lamalokishi ngenhla ngempela athuthukiswe kahle umkhakha nengqalasizinda.

izinsiza

Izinto ezingokwemvelo yeCentral Black Earth esifundeni kwezomnotho kukhulu. On endaweni yayo itholakala kekulu eRussia kanye ngobukhulu nsimbi idiphozi emhlabeni - eKursk anomaly. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimu ka-Black Soil elise apatite idiphozithi yanoma bauxite, isihlabathi, limestone, ubumba, phosphate, wokulinganisa, egwadle, nezinye izinto eziningi. Kukhona futhi ezifakwa zegolide, i-platinum, nethusi ne-nickel.

Kodwa umthombo oyinhloko engokwemvelo esifundeni kukhona inhlabathi yayo evundile abamnyama. Izinga umhlabathi, ngenxa okuqukethwe iphesenti eliphezulu humus, ikuvumela ukuthi uqoqe ezinye vintages ubhedu emhlabeni.

umkhakha

Lunye yeCentral Black Earth esifundeni kwezomnotho has a uhlamvu kwezezimboni nakwezolimo evelele.

Naphezu ukuthuthukiswa eziningi emaceleni yesifunda, isabelo umkhakha emnothweni wayo namanje kubuswa ezimbalwa phezu ezolimo. Oholela indima elalihlala izimboni ezilandelayo: isakhiwo umshini, yokusansimbi, izimayini, okulungisa ukudla, amakhemikhali namandla izimboni.

ezolimo

Ukuba khona inhlabathi evundile black kunomthelela yokuthi ezolimo esifundeni kwezomnotho Central Black Earth has ezingeni kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu ukuthuthukiswa. Yiqiniso, uma kuqhathaniswa nabangu-kwamaSoviet izinga ukukhiqizwa emkhakheni unqabile kakhulu, kodwa, nokho, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izifunda Russian izinkomba Chernozem Economic sisihle.

Igatsha amaningi asethuthukile elitshalwa. Izindawo ezisemqoka - ukukhiqizwa okusanhlamvu, imbewu sunflower, ushukela isithombo sebhitrudi, amazambane kanye nezinye nemifino.

Ngo imfuyo ukukhiqizwa ubuswa inyama, ubisi kanye namaqanda.

amathemba ukuthuthukiswa

Yiqiniso, TSCHER has omunye ezingaba eziphawuleka kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni umnotho uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izifunda of Russia. Kukhona izinqolobane abalulekile kwemithombo yemvelo ngendlela omunye ngobukhulu yensimbi nsimbi emhlabeni futhi lenqwaba nenhlabathi evundile kakhulu - chernozems. Ingqalasizinda kanye umkhakha yesifunda komnotho futhi athuthukiswe kahle kakhulu, kusenabantu izinto eziningi ngofuzo nenkathi yamaSoviet.

Yeka ukuthi yaphumelela kanjani izosebenzisa le engaba incike kobuholi izwe lonke, kanye kubaholi lesifunda. Kodwa neze esizayo TSCHER incike umuntu ngamunye ophilayo lapho. Kuphela yeqiniso umgomo futhi indlela okuqhubekayo kuso kungaletha ngempela imiphumela ingabonakali. Nokho, singasho ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa esifundeni isivele oyiwonawona.