Inselelo isinqumo umnotho. Amafomula umnotho ukuhlangabezana nezinselele

Namuhla sizofunda ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlukahlukene kwezomnotho kusukela kwimisebenzi ehlukile. Indaba kuyoba usizo kulabo abasanda kuqala ukufunda ezomnotho (ngisho labo are eqinisweni nesithakazelo kuyo), kanye nabantu kakade indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga, ukwenze kahle. Phela, ukuqeqeshwa akukaze kube nokuningi kakhulu, ukuphindaphindwa - unina yokufunda. Kodwa ngaphambi kombukiso, indlela yokuxazulula le noma ukuthi inkinga kwezomnotho, uzokutshela konke kwaqala kanjani.

indaba

Kukhona lonke isayensi, okuthiwa "umlando Economic". Sidingida nokuthi ubudlelwane kwezomnotho phakathi kwabantu kushintshe kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokuthi lokhu isayensi baba esikubonayo manje. Uma ucabanga ngakho, kuba sobala ukuthi isayensi kwezomnotho kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo elisizungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, ngisho umphakathi bakudala kwakukhona okubizwa ngokuthi "enana" - okungukuthi, ukuthi abantu bashintshe izinto zabo komunye ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali. Kancane kancane kukhona okulingana nokheshi, eyadlalwa igolide. Kuze kube manje, emazweni amaningi kulinganiselwa izinqolobane of okulingana igolide. Okokuqala, igolide nezinye izinsimbi eziyigugu, olubunjwe lwaba ingots, kodwa ngo-neRoma lasendulo lasendulo waqala minting zemali. Izinhlamvu zemali isikhathi eside zihlukaniswe igolide, isiliva nethusi. Ekugcineni safika lwemali ukuthi uyakubona manje.

izinhlobo zezinkinga

Ake sihlole lezi zinhlobo thina manje, bese izibonelo nokuxazulula izinkinga emnothweni, izimpendulo engatholwa ekupheleni isihloko. Ukuze uqale nge siyowuqonda, iziphi izinhlobo zinkinga. Basuke zihlukaniswa umkhakha, lapho kuwo ngamunye ifomula ayo ukubala. Hlukanisa umnotho kwamabhizinisi, abasebenzi ezomnotho, izibalo kwezomnotho, macro- futhi Microeconomics. Asikhulume kancane mayelana zonke lezi izimboni.

Ukuze uqale Ake siyihlolisise le wemboni, njengoba umnotho kwenhlangano. Izinkinga nezixazululo ungathola ngezansi.

Ibhizinisi nezezimali

Lesi sigaba eduze oluhlobene Macro futhi Microeconomics. Ibhizinisi Economics study isakhiwo, ikakhulukazi umjikelezo zokukhiqiza, kumiswa kwezimali ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi futhi kokusebenza, ukwakha isu zokukhiqiza ukuphathwa jikelele wenhlangano uhlela. Injongo eyinhloko yale wemboni ingafika inzuzo esiphezulu ngezindleko ubuncane, kanye nokwenza imisebenzi yokukhiqiza. Ibhizinisi Economics Ubuye atadishe imisebenzi inkampani kanye isikhundla salo emakethe, ahlaziye izindlela zokwandisa nokusimamisa nomholo. Kumele kukhunjulwe nawurarulula imiraro kulesi sihloko.

Eqinisweni, akukho nzima ukuqonda ukuthi umnotho usebenza enhlanganweni. Izinkinga nezixazululo, ngasendleleni, ungathola mncinyane.

zabasebenzi ezomnotho

Singasho ukuthi le ndawo isethi engezansi eyodwa wangaphambilini, kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso. Ezomnotho Zabasebenzi ihlaziya emakethe yezabasebenzi, iye ukutadisha nokuxhumana kwabasebenzi kanye ukunxenxa. Lokhu futhi, yebo, kuyingxenye ebalulekile isayensi ukuthi idinga ukuba zihlolwe. Ezomnotho Zabasebenzi kunendima eyinhloko e ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi. Phela, ngaphandle abasebenzi kungase kungabi ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla.

izibalo kwezomnotho

Lesi sigaba iphatha ekutadisheni idatha izibalo kanye izinqubo zezomnotho. Engxenyeni ezincwadini izibalo kusekelwe ithiyori kwezomnotho kanye ihlaziya izinqubo iyiphi indawo ngosizo imithetho yayo. It ihlobene eduze ukuhlaziywa komnotho nezibalo zenhlalakahle kanye lokubala ubuningi babantu.

Macroeconomics

Isihloko ekutadisheni Macroeconomics kukhona nezindaba ezinkulu kwezomnotho kanye nemicimbi. It yakhelwe ukuhlaziya kanye ukuhlonza amaphethini izinkomba ezifana Imininingwane ingeniso kazwelonke, ezingeni amanani nekucashwa. Eqinisweni, it ihlanganisa izinqubo zikanokusho futhi abaphathe ngayo ngokuvamile. Ngakho-ke, kwezinye izingxenye ze-yekusombulula inkinga singasetshenziswa indlela komnotho omkhulu.

Microeconomics

ukuhlaziywa Microeconomic kubhekwe njengento ithuluzi esisiza ukuchaza indlela yokwenza izinqumo zokuphatha kwezomnotho ezingeni aphansi. Uma Macroeconomics uhlola izixazululo ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, isibonelo, ezingeni wombuso, it evumela ukuhlaziya Microeconomics ezingeni inkampani ethile.

Amafomula for Umnotho

Ukuxazulula izinkinga, kudingeka sazi okuthile ulwazi theory kanye namafomula. Asikwazi zibahlukanise by umkhakha isicelo, bese uqale nge emnothweni ibhizinisi. Ake uqale nge inkomba nenzuzo. Ubonisa indlela kuhlobene kanye inzuzo isilinganiso ukubaluleka ibhizinisi ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi. Izibalo, lokhu ungaboniswa njengoba: R = P / SSG. Impendulo sithola e kukhishwa nezingxenyana ezithile iyunithi, futhi uma sifuna ukuthola iphesenti inzuzo, kubalulekile ukuba azale ande ukubaluleka okuholela nge 100%. Futhi, uma kucatshangelwa izinto ezifana dolobha umkhiqizo (Fotd) Fondoomkost (Fomk) kanye Fondovooruzhonnost (Fvoor). ukubala wabo futhi akunzima: Fotd = N / SSG, lapho N - ngevolumu yokuthengisa; Fomk = 1 / Fotd; Fvoor = SSG / Chrab lapho "Chrab" - inani lezisebenzi (isilinganiso).

Ngo amafomula eziningi, njalo ivela SSG - isilinganiso izindleko yonyaka ka kokusebenza. Kanjani ukubala ke? Kukhona ifomula silula: Cn = SSG + SS * FM / 12 - Sl * (M-12) / 12. Ake sihlole lokho inani ngalinye ethile. "C" - kuyinto izindleko kokuqala kokusebenza, "SS" - ukubaluleka amafa langena, "World Cup" - empeleni isibalo sezinyanga langena ukusebenza kwezimali ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi phakathi nonyaka, "Okuhle" - ukubaluleka idilize. Kungenzeka futhi ukusizakala ifomula lula ngenyanga I kungabalwa izindlela eziyisisekelo: SSG = (CGS-kaKishi) / 2. KaKishi lapha - hhayi Commonwealth of Independent States, futhi ukubaluleka ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi ekuqaleni konyaka kanye SCG - ngokulandelana, at konyaka.

Futhi, sizodinga i ekubalweni ukwehla lonyaka. Kulinganiselwa by ifomula: A = C * H _{Deprec prim} / 100. Ukwehla kwentengo izinga kungabuye ibalwa kusukela amafomula ezimbili: H = _Deprec (PST - lst): (Ap · PST) lapho PST - ukubaluleka kokuqala impahla, lst - Inani asalile, An - amortization isikhathi. Enye ifomula ubalwa kusetshenziswa lobu ukuphila izimpahla ezingagudluzeki: _Deprec H = (1 / T) * 100%.

ukubukeka Okuningi ku-formula ukuthi kuyoba usizo ukuba uxazulule izinkinga zabasebenzi ezomnotho. Ifomula sokunquma ubukhulu labantu abasebenza ekupheleni kunoma iyiphi inkathi (thatha, isibonelo, ngonyaka) imi kanje: H = H _{ekupheleni ekuqaleni} + H ₁ -H ₂ - B _3. W lapha _ekuqaleni - inani lezisebenzi ekuqaleni konyaka; B ₁ - isibalo sabantu owazihlanganisa engu sabasebenzi; Ingxenye ₂ - isibalo sabantu ababulawe ngesikhathi; Ingxenye ₃ - Isibalo umhlala zokusebenza yobudala labantu. Kukhona ifomula ukwenziwa lonyaka we isisebenzi: Ngo _god.rab. = Ngo _chas.rab. * T * T * Y _v.rab. Kuphi _chas.rab. - Ukuthuthukiswa umsebenzi ngehora (/-ihora umuntu amayunithi yemali.); t - isikhathi sosuku (ihora); T - inani lezinsuku ngonyaka yokuqashwa; Ngo _v.rab. - inani abasebenzi abasebenzayo Imininingwane.

izibonelo imisebenzi

Cabangela le nkinga yomnotho ibhizinisi nezixazululo. Ngakho, inombolo inkinga 1: Tfola isilinganiso value yaminyaka yonke kwezimali ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi esebenzisa idatha enikeziwe. Idatha ye-izixazululo:

ekuqaleni konyaka ukubaluleka ruble 15 ayizinkulungwane 000 ..

Izindleko OS oyifakile: Mashi - ruble ayizigidi 200 ..

Juni - ruble ayizigidi 150 ..

Agasti - ruble ayizigidi 250 ..

Izindleko OS osethathe umhlalaphansi: Februwari - ruble ayizigidi 100 ..

Okthoba - ruble ayizigidi 300 ..

Isixazululo: Le formula for emnothweni ukuhlangabezana nezinselele thina ziwusizo. Silindele ngithuthuka: (C -C _{ng kg)} / 2. Nge _ng = 15 ayizinkulungwane 000 ruble .; _Ukuze C _g = 15 000 + 200 + 150 + 250 - 100 - 300 = 15 200 ayizinkulungwane ..

Khona-ke CCV = (15000 + 15200) / 2 = 15 100 ayizinkulungwane. Ruble. Nokho, thina ngeke uthole imiphumela olunembile kakhulu, kusukela IO OS bekulokhu engalingani phakathi nawo wonke unyaka. Ake ukubala ngithuthuka ifomula lokuqala: SSG = Cn + SS * FM / 12 - Sl * (12 M) / 12 = 15 000 + (200 * 9/12 + 150 * 6/12 + 250 * 4/12) - (100 * 10/12 + 300 * 2/12) = 15 175 ayizinkulungwane. ruble.

Ake sidlulela kwenye umsebenzi. Ngezansi Kuyinselele isinqumo komnotho ibhizinisi, futhi uzinikele ekubalweni kwentengo.
Umsebenti №2:

Izindleko kokuqala ezinye izindawo njengoba ka-January 1 zazilingana ruble ayizigidi 160, futhi lo msebenzi - .. engu-3.

Kuyadingeka ukubala inani residual ukwehla izinga for ngosuku olufanayo, inqobo nje ukwehla likhokhelwa yomugqa oqondile indlela. Impilo inkonzo ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi ubhekwa iminyaka engu-10.

isixazululo:

ukugqoka isici - nenani ukwehla ngoba ngaso sonke isikhathi (ie, iminyaka engu-3). Ngakho, cushioning ukubala ngendlela eqondile: A = C * H _{Deprec prim} / 100. Thola izinga ukwehla: _Deprec H = (1 / T) * 100% = (1/10) * 100% = 10%. Khona-ke-A = 160 * 10/100 = ayizinkulungwane 16. Ruble. Njengoba sicabangela inani ukwehla ngoba njalo ngonyaka okufanayo, izinga bafake eminyakeni emithathu ilingana: H = 3 * 16 = 48 ayizinkulungwane ruble ..

Ezomnotho Zabasebenzi: Izinselelo ukuba izinqumo

Ake sidlulela kwenye ingxenye. Sesixoxile kakade ngemibhalo inkinga yomnotho ibhizinisi, nezixazululo ukuthi ungafunda ngenhla. Futhi manje sekuyisikhathi sokuba umsebenzi. Futhi umsebenzi wokuqala nge isinqumo emnothweni, okuyinto sizobheka, sizodingida ukusebenza yobudala labantu.

Umsebenti №1:

Bala inani labantu enamandla ekupheleni konyaka, uma kukhona idatha for nyaka:

• isibalo sabasebenzi yobudala labantu ekuqaleni konyaka - abantu abayizigidi ezingu-60..
• isibalo sabantu eshonile labantu zokusebenza yobudala - isigidi sabantu 0.25..
• isibalo sabantu abasha abaye ufike kuleli ngonyaka abaseminyakeni yokusebenza - abantu 2.5 million..
• njengobunengi bemiphefumulo asebathatha umhlala kulo nyaka - 1.5 million abantu ..

Isinqumo. Ngakho, sisebenzisa ifomula, siye echazwe ngenhla - CH = CH _{ekupheleni phezulu} + H ₁ -H ₂ - H = 60 + ₃ 2.5 - 0.25 - 1.5 = 60,750,000 abantu ..

Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuyiso sonke inkinga nge isinqumo ngokuphathelene nezindaba zabasebenzi ezomnotho. Manje Ake sihlole inkinga ngokukhiphayo yonyaka.

Umsebenti №2: Tfola ikhiqiza iziqhumane isisebenzi.

Ngenhla saxoxa ifomula ukuxazulula le nkinga. Manje sekuyisikhathi ukuyisebenzisa: Ngo _god.rab. = Ngo _chas.rab. * T * T * Y _v.rab.

Sithola yonke inani le-oda. Ukuthuthukisa ihora ukusebenza ikhishwe maqondana inombolo okukhipha okwedlulele yomuntu-amahora, isb Ngo _chas.rab. = 3800 / 908,6 = 4,2. Ukuze uthole ukuthi isikhathi isilinganiso ngosuku, kudingeka uhlukanise inombolo yomuntu-amahora ngenani indoda-izinsuku. Khona-ke t = 908,6 / 117 = 7,8 amahora. Manje kufanele uthole Coefficient T, okuyinto ubude ngonyaka ukusebenza futhi ibalwa njengoba isilinganiso ezinkulungwane wachitha yomuntu-izinsuku inani lezisebenzi. Ukuze uthole inombolo "Bani ezibulala ngomsebenzi", sidinga ukwandisa ingxenye ababa nayo amanani apheleleko wabasebenzi. Ngemva kwalokho, kulula ukubhala ifomula: T = 117 * 1000 / (580 * 0,824) = 244,8 izinsuku.

Manje okudingeka sikwenze nje bamelele zonke yamanani ifomula. Sithola: Ngo _god.rab. = 4,2 * 7,8 * 244,8 * 0,824 = 6608,2 den.edin. / Lomuntu.

Yini enye?

Abaningi bangase bazibuze: lokhu lonke ezihlukahlukene nezinkinga zemali? Lokho akujabulisi? Empeleni, akukho. Vele iningi nobunzima kubangele lezi zindawo wezomnotho: ezomnotho zokukhiqiza, lapho ikhambi izinkinga sabuka ekuqaleni, nomshikashika ezomnotho. Zikhona nezinye izimboni eziningi kangaka, kodwa njengoba enjalo azikho amafomula ayinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngokuvamile kakhulu ngisho ngokunengqondo kungenzeka sebenzisa iphuzu elilodwa noma omunye umthetho zezibalo. Nokho, wonke umuntu azuza ngazo lapho efunda imisebenzi emnothweni nge isinqumo. Ukuze abafundi, kubalulekile ikakhulu njengoba ithuba ubone isixazululo kusiza kakhulu ekuqondeni le nkinga futhi ukukhulumisana kangcono kunendoda essence yayo.

Yini enye esingayenza ukufunda noma poreshat ekuphumeni for ukuqonda kangcono isihloko? Kunconywe umsebenzi poreshat yokuqoqa Revenko NF ebhizinisini umnotho. Futhi kuyoba mnandi ukufunda amabhuku ezikhethekile ngaphezulu kunoma iyiphi ikakhulukazi indaba ephathwayo.

isiphetho

Umnotho - isayensi endala kakhulu futhi ebalulekile, futhi sekungamakhulu eminyaka kwahamba isandla izibalo. imithetho yayo ukuvumela landulele izinkinga, izinguquko isimo kuleli zwe kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. Uma umuntu onolwazi wezomnotho, akunakwenzeka ukuba zinyamalale nangezikhathi zenhlekelele noma inhlekelele umphakathi ngokwezimali. Uma ukuze bathuthukise ulwazi lwabo, kungenzeka ukuzuza empilweni futhi kuzosiza ekuthuthukiseni zezimali inhlalakahle. Yiqiniso, sixoxe ngezibonelo kuphela izimo zokuxazulula izinkinga azenzeki emnothweni, futhi akusho ukuthi izinkinga zangempela izobukeka kanje. Konke ukuphila ngokuvamile kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuyindida. Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna njalo phezulu, khona-ke inkinga ngesinqumo emnothweni kuzokusiza hhayi okungaka. kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba smart.