Inani labantu base-endaweni Penza: ubukhulu kanye kwabantu

Le ndawo itholakala phakathi iVolga noDon emifuleni, lapho kukhona iVolga, Black Earth izifunda Central, futhi ngenxa yokuthi umphakathi we Penza sifunda heterogeneous kakhulu. Izimpawu isiphetho yayo ukutshengisa isikhundla Lesisemkhatsini phakathi nezindawo ezizungezile. Nakuba izimo zemvelo kanye sezulu, ithi ayifane Black Earth, labantu Penza esifundeni ivame ukuba ezisemadolobheni ngaphezulu, futhi alolu kuningi kunokomuntu izifunda angomakhelwane - the Tambov kanye Voronezh esifundeni, futhi Saratov futhi Ulyanovsk - bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi. Konke Penza esifundeni iyikhaya 1.341.526 nalowo njengezindlela Rosstat (2017), lapho - abantu 930 004 kuleli dolobha.

sici

Labantu lwedolobha Penza esifundeni ingaphansi avareji kazwelonke, kodwa bakhona is kancane kancane: ngo-1990, ayehlala ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni kanye amaphesenti ayisithupha nantathu sabantu, futhi ngo-2005, kakade ayisithupha nesithupha. Yiqiniso, ubufakazi hhayi ngempela yokuphila yasedolobheni, nokuthambekela okunjalo kuyagcinwa cishe kuyo yonke indawo, ngenxa yokuthi emaphandleni iye ukulahlekelwa labantu bayo. Kanye iningi ezifundeni isiRashiya, endaweni yaleli monocentric. Labantu lwedolobha Penza esifundeni isigamu bagxila kule inhlokodolobha kwengxenye yesigidi. Kuyinto naphakathi ngobukhulu emzini Kuznetsk - isikhungo ezimbonini kanye Zarechny - yesayensi, zokugcina ivaliwe emzini Rosatom (CATF Penza-19). Ezinye izindaba zika-amadolobha (eziyisishiyagalombili) - tiddly, ngaphezu kwesigamu kubo, ngisho amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu babe cha.

Ngakho-ke, singasho kugcwale umlomo ukuthi kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni we Penza esifundeni (ngaphandle kwe-ezintathu eziyinhloko) eqhuba yokuphila semi yasemakhaya, njengoba ingqalasizinda saleli kunalokho ebuthakathaka yonke indawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke amadolobha, kuhlanganise Penza, nale minyaka eyishumi edlule, izakhamizi zayo ukulahlekelwa. Lena ngobuciko yokubala abantu we Penza esifundeni. Over zonke emadolobheni amancane depopulated (amaphesenti angu-amabili sabantu lalahleka eyishumi ngamunye) ngoba yokwakha kabusha ziwile, njengoba yonke enye indawo, ingxenye kwezomnotho of base yabo ibhizinisi embonini ukudla ibhilidi umshini. Inombolo yomhlaba wonke yesikhungo kwesifunda futhi Zarechnyi nzima ukugcina abasha engu isakhiwo, kodwa kukhona labantu kancane incipha.

Ezinye izibalo

I kwabantu labantu esifundeni Penza ngempela eduze isilinganiso eRussia (European ingxenye yayo), lapha abantu amathathu nambili square kilometre. izindawo Suburban ezinabantu abaningi: e amabili namashumi ayisithupha Penza, Kuznetsk - abantu ayisithupha nesikhombisa square kilometre. I izindawo eningizimu - wezolimo, futhi ngenxa yalokho ingqikithi abantu nambili square kilometre. Umphakathi we Penza esifundeni ikhula kancane ngenxa ababaleki, kodwa futhi kunciphisa kancane ngokushesha, ngoba abantu abavela ezifundazweni bashiya hhayi kuphela e Penza.

isiphetho yasemaphandleni libhekene nemizana ezinkulu kanye naphakathi, okuyinto nethonya kule nguqulo Black Earth. Lena kancane inhlabathi ziyayinciphisa inkinga ukufinyelela zabantu basemaphandleni izidingongqangi eziyisisekelo. Nokho, cishe ngeleshumi angu ezindaweni labantu Penza esifundeni eminyakeni yamuva elahlekile. Ukucindezeleka of umnotho kwesifunda futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izinkinga umsebenzi push abantu emizini yabo. By the way, outflow kufuduka nakakhulu omakhelwane, ogama ndawo njengoba kwezomnotho neuropathy lapho abantu unezimiso engenayo ongaphakeme - e Mordovia, Ulyanovsk kanye Tambov izifunda. Ithemba zibuthuntu kunalokho sibonakala: labantu outflow kwezinye izifunda, elineholo ngenhla, kuzokhuphula kuphela.

izinkinga

Ngaphezu kwakho konke, labantu Penza esifundeni uhlushwa ukuntuleka abezenhlalakahle e-2017. Kukhona okuningi depopulation abalulekile kanye ukuguga sabantu, kunazo zonke ezinye izifunda iVolga esifundeni. Ikakhulukazi ezicindezelayo salo mdwebo emaphandleni. Bangaki abantu Penza esifundeni kuzoba emihlanu - iminyaka eyishumi, uma ungathathi izinyathelo ezinqala ukuze ahehe abantu kula mazwe evundile? Izibalo nje kuyethusa.

Income sincane kakhulu. sokuntenga komnotho ezweni sihlalise Sinzima wazamazama yonke indawo, futhi ukucindezeleka ongakabi lidlule yimuphi umkhakha (ikakhulukazi - e isiqoqi sama-softwe), noma kwezolimo. Ayikho liqinisekisa social lalolo kungaqali, ngoba umsebenzi luvame emnothweni ngokwethukela. Izinga lemfundo sesinciphe kakhulu, ukunakekelwa ngezokwelashwa afanelekayo cishe ayitholakali ezindaweni zasemakhaya.

izinzuzo kungenzeka

Kancane kancane eminyakeni yamuva, sekuqala ukuvela futhi abanye izinzuzo emphakathini. Lokhu kukhuphuka kwemali utshalomali isakhiwo zesifunda emnothweni, ngakhoke ukukhula kwemali ngeniso sabantu okulindeleke ukuba ibe ngaphezulu. Ngokwemvelo, plus ukusebenza izimo ezikahle kakhulu zezulu: ubunjalo lapha yadalwa ukuze athuthukise amapulazi yangasese, ukulima. Yiqiniso, kancane ithambisa izimo zokuphila abampofu ukushoda netinsita. Kunoma ikuphi, usongo ingasaphathwa acute ngenxa yendlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulesi simo sezulu izifo zomphakathi kungavamile ngakho.

Ngisho insimu ka esifundeni ekuthuthukeni kwabo zomlando njengoba izikhungo zokuhweba kanye izikebhe kusukela ekhulwini lesikhombisa ukuthi ukuphila kulinganiswa, ethule futhi eside. Nokho, ubuhlanga babantu akuzona okukhuthazayo, njengoba le ndawo eziqokiwe njengokutshala imali kwesikhathi eside osemdala futhi depopulating. Izinga lokuzalwa ingenye esinzima kunazo zonke kuleli zwe, futhi jikelele izinga lokufa kuyinto lonke ephakeme kakhulu. Ukuncipha bemvelo labantu we Penza esifundeni - ngephesenti elilodwa ngonyaka, okuyinto kabili kunaleyo lizwe. Nasemizaneni oneminyaka engu-ngokwempilo yangenyama isilinganiso ezingu esabekayo - amaphesenti amabili nambili! Udinga neqhaza ngokugcwele ukuthutheleka labantu kulezi zindawo, futhi eminyakeni embalwa edlule, leli bhizinisi kuvaliwe phansi, kubonakala, lihambile.

Migration kanye nemiphumela

Penza labantu kancane ngezicabha sibonga ukuthutheleka kwababaleki, kodwa ukwehla yemvelo namanje okusezingeni eliphezulu. Nokufa ingaphansi, kuka ezindaweni zasemakhaya - amaphesenti nane kuphela isigamu, kodwa izinga lokuzalwa ayibukeki ukhuthaze nganoma iyiphi indlela, kuba ephansi kakhulu kunalokho eqoshiwe kuleli zwe - esingaphansi amaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili. Kungani lokhu kwakwenzeka? Ngenxa yale nqubo yaqala kusukela nenkathi yamaSoviet, lapho abantu abasha ushiye emaphandleni. Isakhiwo yobudala esifundeni sisonke iyafana zonke izifunda angomakhelwane ne amaphesenti abo eliphezulu lande.

Phakathi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ke wasuka black unomphela kufuduka outflow. Kwabe sekufika yokwakha kabusha, futhi izinga lokuzalwa usebhekene nokwehla enkulu kusukela ngo-1985 kuya ku 2005 singaphansi inani izingane lehle ngamaphesenti cishe ingxenye yesithathu. Kwaba 22.5% kanye kwaba 14.6%, okuyinto eduze indawo izinkomba embi kakhulu. Izingane ezimbalwa kuphela Nizhny Novgorod esifundeni. Nokho, ukucindezela zendawo eliphezulu kakhulu, abantu anamanci mabini abakwazi ukusebenza labantu enamandla ayizinkulungwane.

ubude bempilo

Migration outflow buthaka kancane Nokho, phakathi nineties esibucayi, ukuthutheleka kwababaleki ku Penza esifundeni kwaba ongaphakeme, naphezu kwezimo ezinkulu zemvelo kanye zezulu eziphansi kakhulu yokuphila. Lapho ukuthuthelwa ukucindezeleka kusukela amazwe CIS yaphela, futhi Penza esifundeni sekuqalile ukulahlekelwa labantu - izibalo odlule.

Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi kulesi simo sezulu, ubude bempilo kufanele kube eliphezulu. Noma okungenani eduze zonke-Russian - iminyaka emashumi mathandathu anamihlanu nengxenye. Nokho, lesi sibalo, ngokungafani kuya Amathrendi kuleli zwe, ancipha. Nge nempilo ende ku Penza esifundeni akuyona kahle kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi ongaphakeme bempilo ngoba amadoda ezindaweni zasemakhaya - ngo-2005-ke zaba iminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu nesithupha nengxenye. Isizathu - ngezinga elikhulu ukucwasa kwalesi sigodi.

ukwakheka kaZwelonke

I-Russian Black Earth akha amaphesenti angu ayisishiyagalolunye nanhlanu noma ngaphezulu yomphakathi. Nokho, esifundeni iVolga kulesi sici kuba acebile kakhulu, ngoba zilapho kuhlangana ezindaweni ezintathu yobuhlanga - Finno-Ugric, Turkic futhi Slavic. Ukwakheka yobuhlanga wehlukile futhi enezici. Esikhathini Penza esifundeni ezingaphezu kuka amaphesenti isiRashiya, lonke ikakhulukazi ayisishiyagalombili nesithupha - AmaTatar futhi Mordvinians. Futhi Shemysheyskom, Sosnovy eBor Neverkinsky District Lezi kazwelonke okusetshenziswe labantu Russian.

Ngokusho ukubalwa kwabantu 1989 endaweni wahlala Belarusians, amaGypsy, amaJuda, Azerbaijanis, Ukraine, Isi-Chuvash, Armenia, amaJalimane, Chechens, Uzbeks, Lezgins, nabasePoland, Kazakhs, Avars, Tajiks, iMari, Isi-Udmurt, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, naseLithuania, Latvians, Komi namaGreki - zonke izizwe isibalo kwetshumi kumakhulukhulu amaphesenti sebebonke ka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baye baphila akukho compact, ngokungafani Mordovians, AmaTatar futhi Isi-Chuvash.

Umnotho, umsebenzi

Ngokusho ezingeni labantu kwezomnotho we Penza esifundeni futhi ayibonisi imiphumela emihle: 66% lapha, ezweni lonke - 64% kuzo isilinganiso. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ku amadala isakhiwo ngobudala anda isilinganiso sabantu zasemakhaya, lapho umsebenzi siphezulu kakhulu, kanye nobudlelwane evamile emakethe emkhakheni wezolimo is ayakhekanga hhayi kuphela ngo-2005, futhi namuhla, abafuni ukuzibopha uma okuningi okufanele oyifunayo.

Isibalo abaqashwe emkhakheni wezimboni kule minyaka eyishumi kuya ku 2005, kwehle ngo ezingaphezu kuka ingxenye yesine. Imboni yokukhiqiza ngisho uye wakwenza ezingaphezu kokulahlekelwa Izishoshovu yayo, nakuba umthamo ukukhiqizwa kancane rose. Konke lokhu kwasusa ukugeleza umsebenzi emkhakheni service, kodwa ngisho lapha inqubo wayehamba kancane kakhulu. ukuhweba wemboni landa ngamaphesenti angu ayisikhombisa kule minyaka, kodwa lesi sibalo akunakwenzeka ukuba kubonise ngokugcwele ngokoqobo: izibalo awukwazi ukuthatha akhawunti yebhizinisi ongabhalisiwe. izifunda ecindezelekile nge ukunciphisa omkhulu embonini kanye amaholo aphansi lezisebenzi njalo sikhule ukuhweba namanye umsebenzi ngokwethukela.

imali sabantu

Ngo-1999, amaphesenti angaphezu kuka ayisikhombisa labantu Penza esifundeni okuqukethwe abahola kancane kakhulu kunalokho omisiwe ubuncane ukudla ezingeni. Yingakho esifundeni isibe eziyinkinga kakhulu zonke Russian Federation. ubhekene nokuwa komnotho eqinile kuye kwaholela nenkinga yezinga eliphezulu lobuphofu, nakwentiwa imali izakhamuzi 'uphansi impela, ukuthunga, nezolimo, abasebenzi engxenyeni enkulu iningi labantu, usukhokhe kancane njalo.

Eminyakeni yamuva, izinga lobuphofu le kwehle kancane. Noma kunjalo, izibalo ezweni zibonisa eyishumi nesithupha amaphesenti eziphilayo ngaphasi kwelizinga lebuphuya, futhi Penza esifundeni iphesenti iphezulu kakhulu, ngezinye amaphesenti angamashumi amabili-nesikhombisa. Manje endaweni izinkomba cishe sekube ezishaywayo nalo lonke izifunda iVolga esifundeni.

imithi

Izinkomba enkundleni ngokucacile kungenzeki ukulinganisa impilo. Ubude bempilo namanje eyehlayo. TB kwesifo kanye nokushona lingaphansi kuka eRussia sisonke, kodwa kunalelo inani lokufa isifo senhliziyo, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi ngenxa yokuguga sabantu. Ukufa kwezinsana e nineties kwaba ngaphansana izibalo lonke, kodwa ngonyaka, futhi lokhu inzuzo elahlekile Penza esifundeni. Kwakukhona eminyakeni lapho lokhu naye ayikwazanga ngokuqhathaniswa nanoma iyiphi enye ngxenye yezwe.

Ukuthuthukiswa nokutholakala kwezinsizakalo zokwelashwa kule ndawo - ngokuvamile nesifenqo. Nansi supply eliphansi abasebenzi bezokwelapha - odokotela amathathu nesikhombisa ngalinye labantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi, okungukuthi, ayisithupha nesishiyagalombili ka izifunda wezwe. Kuphela Penza lesi sibalo ephakeme - odokotela ayisithupha abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Ezindaweni akude nakanjani kusilela kanzima lokunakekela.

kumiswa

sphere Ihlangano, futhi, ngezindlela eziningi ngemuva izifunda angomakhelwane. eyishumi nesithupha kuphela abangaba amaphesenti angu-abaneminyaka engama kweshumi nesishiyagalombili abe imfundo ephakeme. Futhi uma liqhathaniswa nesilinganiso sezwe ku ukubalwa kwabantu 2002 kuyinto amaphesenti nesishiyagalolunye. Phakathi izakhamuzi zasemakhaya Penza esifundeni imfundo ephakeme babe amaphesenti eziyisikhombisa kuphela. Ezemfundo emkhakheni ibuthakathaka, kusukela engumakhelwane izikhungo enyuvesi - Saratov futhi Samara - encintisana ukudansela isiginci sakhe.

Esikhathini Penza esifundeni amanyuvesi isimo emihlanu, kodwa inethiwekhi igatsha ampofu. kwetinsita tekufundza emakethe kayikhuli, ngoba bakhona iholo eliphansi kakhulu. Abafundi emfundweni ephakeme ngokweqile ziningi, kodwa base sincane kakhulu. Sekuvele okuningi kancane zemfundo sokufundela amakhono omsebenzi.