Raw izinto - ke ... Lesitshalo Ukuvikelwa kanye nokusetshenziswa yemvelo

Raw izinto - okungukuthi isisekelo emphakathini wesintu. Izidingo kulezi izimboni kanye nomphakathi - kuyinto inkinga eyinhloko emnothweni. Ngomqondo obanzi, ibhekisela kuzo zonke izinto zemvelo ezisetshenziswa umuntu endaweni ewumngcingo - nje ukuthi ungumthombo ukukhiqizwa impahla. Isibonelo umthombo ebomvu uwoyela. Isetshenziselwa ukwenziwa amakhemikhali, zokubasa, epulasitikini, imikhiqizo eyenza imithi. Esinye isibonelo izinkuni. It is lisetshenziswe yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ifenisha. Kukhona uMnyango ahlukene of Temahlatsi, okuyinto preoccupied ukuvikelwa kwemithombo ehlathini esifundeni Russian Federation ngamunye.

Umcabango

Izinto zokusetshenziswa - kuyinto yimiphi imikhiqizo yezolimo kanye namahlathi, ukudoba, zonke izinhlobo namaminerali atholakala ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni noma iye yashintshwa ku elungiswa ukudayiswa omhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, uwoyela, ukotini, amalahle, itshe-nsimbi, emoyeni, ugodo, amanzi olwandle. Mayelana 30% emhlabeni izinqolobane non-amandla izidubedube tibheke ezwekazini lase-Afrika. Nokho, lesi simo eye omubi abathintekayo ukuthuthukiswa kwamazwe. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi "isifo Dutch". sici salo kwencika emnothweni sika kwemithombo nokuthengiswa.

Njengoba isisekelo umnotho

Ngakho, umthombo izinto zokusetshenziswa - yikho konke okukhona emvelweni futhi sidaliwe ngaphandle nomzamo lwesintu. Bona, kungase kudingeke ukuba pre-baphathwe noma cha. Iqembu lokuqala, isibonelo, zihlanganisa amanzi ahlanzekile noma emoyeni yesibili - nsimbi metal, uwoyela, izinhlobo eziningi imithombo yamandla. ukusatshalaliswa izinto zokusetshenziswa buyinkinga enkulu, ikakhulukazi mayelana Ukuwohloka izinqolobane zalo. Export kwemithombo yemvelo - ngesisekelo iminotho eziningi. Ezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa yilezi ikuyo yonke indawo, njengokukhanya kwelanga kanye nomoya. Zonke ezinye kungatholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezithile. Kuphela izinhlobo ezimbalwa kwemithombo yemvelo awapheli. Nokho, iningi esitokisini of izinto zokusetshenziswa ephansi, okungukuthi, kungaholela esikhathini esizayo, ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa kahle ekukhiqizeni.

ngezigaba

Kukhona isimo sokunquma eziningana sizibone amaqembu kwemithombo yemvelo. Ukwahlukaniswa ezivamile wabo ukwahlukanisa on umthombo imvelaphi, degree processing futhi renewability. Ngokuphathelene umbandela lokuqala, amaqembu amabili alandelayo:

• izinto zokusetshenziswa biotic. Ziyakwazi izilwane, izitshalo kanye izinto zokwakha eziphilayo ukuthi kungenziwa etholakala kuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, lesi sigaba sihlanganisa izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, ikakhulukazi nowoyela. Bakha kusukela ndaba sesibolile organic.
• izinto zokusetshenziswa Abiotic. Yabo umehluko siwukuthi bangamalungu hhayi organic wolimi. Phakathi izinto zokusetshenziswa abiotic kungenzeka umhlaba, amanzi ahlanzekile, umoya futhi izinsimbi ezisindayo, kuhlanganise igolide, iron, ithusi nesiliva okukhulunywa.

ekukhiqizeni

Omunye umbandela wokuthola ngezigaba kungenzeka ngezinga elithile ukucubungula. Amaqembu elandelayo bungabonakala kuye:

• izinsiza ezingaba khona. Bahlanganisa izinto zokusetshenziswa, amasheya okuyizinto esifundeni, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwabo sihlelelwe kuphela esikhathini esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uwoyela ingatholakala isizinda rocks sedimentary. Nokho, kuze kube isikhathi lapho empeleni waqala ukuthuthukisa ensimini yayo, luhlala umthombo ezingaba khona.
• lezimpahla yangempela. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa imithombo, inani kanye nekhwalithi okuyinto selitholakele, futhi isizinda sabo Kwenziwa okwamanje. Izinga lokucubungula izinto zokusetshenziswa incike ubuchwepheshe atholakalayo futhi izindleko ezihlobene.
• izinsiza ngokuzenzakalela. Le ngxenye izinto langempela okungase kusetshenziswe inzuzo eningi esikhathini esizayo.
• izinsiza "elingasebenzi". Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa ezifakwa impahla eluhlaza okuye uphenyo, kodwa ukuthuthuka kwabo kudinga entsha bese ingakamiswa wafunda ubuchwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-hydrogen.

zokugaya

Inkinga zisetshenziswa semnotfo the ubukhulu obungapheliyo ka nezidingo zobuntu futhi sakwazi kwemali eyanele. ngezinto zemvelo zokusetshenziswa for ukukhiqizwa kungenziwa labizwa e renewability. Ngesisekelo le umbandela ezikhonjwe amaqembu amabili:

• Wemvelo imithombo. Bona agcwaliswa ngokwemvelo. Ezinye zalezi imithombo, njengokukhanya kwelanga, emoyeni, emanzini, njalo kuyatholakala, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwabo womuntu akusho kakhulu ezithinta ivolumu yabo. Nokho, ingxenye izinto zokusetshenziswa uvuseleleke kungenzeka mpilo ekungeneleni ngokweqile enqubeni ukukhiqizwa. Lokhu kwenzeka uma umthamo wemvula zabo zemvelo kancane kunalokho okudingeke ukuba umuntu, kodwa hhayi izigidi zeminyaka.
• izinsiza Non-ivuselelwe. I impahla ebomvu kulesi sigaba noma kwakhiwa kancane kakhulu, noma asenziwanga ngokwemvelo imvelo jikelele. Isibonelo nevozbnovlyaemyh imithombo amaminerali kakhulu. kumiswa yabo kuthatha izigidi zeminyaka. Ngakho-ke, ngokombono zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi sihlobana kulesi sigaba.

Walikhipha kwemithombo yemvelo

Ukusetshenziswa izinto zokusetshenziswa iphutha, siqala ku izikali ezahlukene, kokubili imiphakathi pre-ezimbonini, kanye namuhla. Izimayini, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ezokulima kanye nezokungcebeleka ngokuthi zokudoba basonta wemboni eyinhloko emnothweni. Bakhulule imithombo yezinye izindawo lapho basebenza ukubaluleka ngokwanele wanezela. Izinto zenani elikhulu zomuntu ezweni ixhomeke izinsiza kanjani ngempumelelo amaminerali. Nokho, inflow of imali abadayise kungadala izinkinga eziphawulekayo elihlobene ne ukuvela emali, owabangela umonakalo kweminye imikhakha ( "isifo Dutch") kanye nenkohlakalo, okuholela ekwandeni engenayo ukungalingani kanye okusithiyayo sokukhula.

Ukuwohloka izinto zokusetshenziswa

Eminyakeni yamuva, inkinga ikakhulukazi acute okwandayo ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo umkhakha. Umbuzo yokukhathala bekwi ohulumeni kazwelonke hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ezifana UN. Enkulumweni ngamunye kukhona ezinye izinhlangano ukuthi bekwi Ukuvikelwa kohlobo oluthile izinto zokusetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-esifundeni Russian Federation ngamunye unomthwalo uMnyango amaHlathi, Injongo ogama main ngendlela eyiyo amalungelo ukusetshenziswa izinkuni imithombo.

Izindlela ngcono

Ukuze nokugcina izinsizakalo - izinkuni namaminerali - ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo, kubalulekile ukuzisebenzisa kahle. Kwaba emhlabeni udaba yokukhathala of izinto zokusetshenziswa kusekelwe umqondo yentfutfuko lesimeme. nokuqaliswa kwalo ixhunyaniswe silinganisa izidingo zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Ukuncipha kwezinsiza zemvelo ngenxa umkhiqizo wabo ngqo, futhi ukusetshenziswa kahle. Ngokwesibonelo, umhlabathi izinga ukuwohloka okungukuthi umphumela olubanzi ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo.

Ukuvikelwa kwemithombo yemvelo

Ngo-1982, i-UN isungule Charter ekhethekile, injongo eyinhloko owawungumnyaka ukuvikeleka kwebhoduluko imiphumela ebuhlungu yezenzo zesintu. Lithi kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo kuwo wonke amazinga. Amadili nalenkinga zisekhona eziningi nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe. Okuluhlaza base impahla kanye nokuvikelwa yayo isihloko isigaba elihlukile biology njengendlela isiyalo ngokwesayensi.