Isakhiwo se-Gothic saseJalimane: umlando nezici

Ukubonakaliswa komlando waseJalimane ekwakhiweni kwendawo kubonisa leli zwe. Ngamanje isigaba ngasinye sokuthuthukiswa komlando sasihambisana nokuvela kwemikhuba nemibono emisha yezakhiwo. Yingakho izivakashi zanamuhla ezinesithakazelo esinjalo zihambela izindawo zendawo, ezikulungele ukuvula umuntu onolwazi ngezinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo ngezwe nabantu balo. Isitayela se-Gothic ekwakhiweni kweJalimane yiyona ephawulekayo futhi eyabaluleke kakhulu. Kwaqala ukukhula kakhulu kunaseFrance, kodwa ngakho kwahlanganiswa namasiko amasiko wezwe, okwakuyiminyaka eminingi kuthathwa njengomkhiqizo wawo. Namuhla sizokutshela amaqiniso athakazelisayo kakhulu mayelana nokwakhiwa kweJalimane, okuqokomisa ngokukhethekile i-Gothic yaseJalimane, edumile emhlabeni jikelele ngamathempeli ayo ahle kakhulu.

Amagama ambalwa ngamagugu amasiko wezwe

Izakhiwo zaseJalimane zathuthuka futhi zathuthukiswa ngaphansi kwethonya lezici zendawo nezomlando. Iqiniso liwukuthi iningi lamasimi ezwe isikhathi eside lingaphansi kwegunya lezikhulu ezithile, ezazilwa empini.

Lokhu kwabangele ukuthuthukiswa kwezinkomba ezihlukahlukene ezakhiweni zaseJalimane. Idolobha ngalinye lakhiwa ngesitayela sawo, okwakungenakwenzeka ukuphindaphinda kwenye indawo. Konke lokhu kusivumela ukuba sikhulume ngesakhiwo sikazwelonke saseJalimane, isitayela sawo sakhiwe ngabaphathi besikhathi eside, abaqeqeshwe eFrance nase-Italy.

Kuyadabukisa ukuthi phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili izwe lalahlekelwa izikhumbuzo eziningi zomlando. Kwakudingeka babuyiselwe ngesikhathi esifushane, ngakho ezinye zezinto azizange zibuyele ekubukeni kwazo zangaphambili. Isakhiwo samanje seJalimane siseduze nesitayela se-Art Nouveau, nguyena owathatha njengesisekelo sokwakhiwa kwamadolobha engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20. Kuze kube manje, izakhiwo eziningi ezisha ziyilolu isitayela.

I-Gothic: incazelo emfushane

I-Gothic yaqala ukwakha ngesitayela esithile nesicacile ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nambili. Ngalesi sikhathi se-Middle Ages ngasekupheleni, abantu sebevele bathelela ulwazi oluningi nolwazi, okuvumela ukubukeka okusha ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. Abaningi bezakhiwo basebenzise ngokuqiniseka isipiliyoni sesazi sezibalo zasendulo, futhi ulwazi lwabo lwe-geometry lwenza kube lula ukukhetha isikhala. Lokhu kancane kancane kwaholela ekutheni isitayela seRoma sasinamandla kulo lonke elaseYurophu, saqala ukuhambisa into entsha, ngokusekelwe emibhalweni ehluke ngokuphelele.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi igama elithi "Gothic" ngokwalo livele kamuva. Wabonakala njengendlela ehlonishwayo yomugqa phakathi kwesiko esikhulu kanye nefa laseRoma lasendulo kanye nomkhuba omusha owawufika abantu baseYurophu. Abaningi babo babephethe isidlaliso esithi "Goths", ngakho isitayela esisha, isihloko esicacile esifanayo sasiqondisiwe.

Ubuciko be-Gothic: incazelo ejwayelekile

I-Gothic isho ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezibonakala sengathi zithwala imibono engalawuleki futhi zinyuka ezulwini, zifakazela ubukhulu bomuntu. Izakhiwo ezinjalo, imidwebo enemakhono kakhulu kanye nokuningi kwezixhobo zokwakha kwakudingeka. Lesi sihlahla sashintshwa ngetshe, okwavumela ukuba kusebenze yonke imibono yabakhi futhi yayimelana njalo ngaleso sikhathi emadolobheni aseYurophu ngomlilo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngokwayo ubuciko be-Gothic buye baba namandla ekuqalisweni okuningi. Phela, ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwakudingekile ukuphakamisa ukuphakama okukhulu kwemigca yamatshe, okwakudinga ukusetshenzwa kwamathuluzi ahlukahlukene wesimbi. Ngokufanayo, abakhi kwakudingeka benze izixube ezintsha ezisekelwe ku-lime nesihlabathi, ezikwazi ukuhlanganiswa ngamatshe ndawonye.

Ukuphumelela okukhulu kwama-Gothic masters kuqaliswa uhlelo lwesakhiwo. Ivumela ukubala amaphuzu asekela ngezakhiwo ezinkulu ngendlela yokunciphisa inani lamakholomu, uphakamise amafasitela futhi uvumele izakhiwo zibe lula kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Le ndlela yayiyi-godsend yangempela yamasonto, okwakwazi ukuhlanganisa amahholo phakathi kwabo ukuze enze izakhiwo zibe zikanokusho futhi zihlaba umxhwele.

Ngokuvamile, kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu isitayela esisha sathola izici zayo siqu. Ubuciko be-Gothic eJalimane buboniswa ngokucacile. Zonke izici eziyinhloko zesitayela zaguqulwa zaba yinto entsha, eyaba ikhadi elivakashelayo lezwe. Ngokumangazayo, ngisho namaJalimane ngokwabo iminyaka eminingi bakholelwa ukuthi iGothic yazalwa ezweni labo futhi yabe isakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Uma sibheka amasonto amahle awakhiwa ngamakhosikazi aseJalimane, kungase kubonakale ukuthi abengekho iqiniso - i-gothic yaba ukubonakaliswa kweqiniso kwamasiko namasiko eJalimane.

I-Gothic eJalimane: izakhiwo

Kuyadingeka ukuthi isiqondiso esisha sithatha izingqondo zabamakhosi baseJalimane kancane kancane kunalokho okwenziwa eNgilandi naseFrance. Kula mazwe amaGothic akhiwe kakade ekhulwini leshumi nambili, kanti eJalimane izakhiwo zokuqala nezakhi ezithathwe kulesi sitayela zivele kuphela ekupheleni kweyeshumi nantathu.

Ithonya elikhulu ekwakhiweni kweJalimane lahunyushwa yiFrance, lavela lapha lafika amakhosi, aphefumulelwe futhi ahlonishwa imibono yeGothic. Siyabonga, izakhi zokuqala nezakhi zesitayela esisha zivele. Kusabalulekile ukufakazela izakhiwo ezigcwele zezakhiwo ze-Gothic zaseJalimane, kodwa ziye zaba uhlobo lokuguquka kusukela kwisitayela se-Romanesque. Kulesi sikhathi kwakukhona ubuciko obunjalo njengoSt. Michael's Church, eSt. Bartholomew's Chapel naseKathedral yaseSt.

Kamuva, lezi zakhiwo ezivelele zaqala ukubhekwa ngesitayela seRomance-Gothic, ekugcineni salahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nantathu.

Ukuthuthukiswa nokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zobuGothi zamaJalimane

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nane, ukwakheka kweJalimane kwisitayela seGothic kwazuza ubuntu obucacile, amandla kanye nokuningi kwezici ezibolekwe eFrance. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, konke okwakuthathwa kwamanye amazwe namasiko, kuye kwaguquka waba yizici eziningi, esizoxoxa ngazo kwesinye isigaba salesi sihloko.

Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi isakhiwo esicacile kunazo zonke isitayela seGothic sangempela kwakuyiSonto LikaBaba Wethu. Yaqala ukwakhelwa eThire cishe ngonyaka wamashumi amathathu wekhulu leshumi nantathu. Isici sawo esihlukile sasiyi-layout ngendlela yesiphambano esifanele. Ngaphambilini, kwakungekho izakhiwo ezinjalo eJalimane noma kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Abakhi balungiselela amasonto amabili esontweni ngokulinganisa kuze kube yilapho esakhiweni sonke. Lobuciko obuhle ubuhlelwe ngabakhi bevela emhlabeni wonke.

I-Magdeburg Cathedral ne-Church of St. Elizabeth nayo ingathunyelwa esikhathini se-Gothic heyday.

Izici zezakhiwo eJalimane

I-gothic yesiJalimane yayinezici zayo ezikhethekile, ezaba ikhadi lakhe lebhizinisi. Phakathi kokuphawulekayo kukhona okulandelayo:

• I-geometricity eqinile. Izazi-mlando eziningi ziphawula ukuthi izakhiwo zaseJalimane zalesi sikhathi zibhekwa ngokulula okulula kwemigqa. Ngokuvamile amasonto amancane afaniswa nezinqaba ezinkulu ezidalwa ukuvikela amadolobha.
• Ukuntuleka kwezinto zokucweba eseceleni esentshonalanga. AmaFulentshi athuthukisa ngokucophelela izakhi zokuhlobisa, kuyilapho amaJalimane ayegwema izakhi ezingezidingekile futhi athanda imigqa ehlanzekile.
• Ukuhambisana nombhoshongo owodwa noma amane. Kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu eGothic kwakuyisici sokumiswa kwamakhredithrals emibili imibhoshongo. Amakhosi aseJalimane aqhubeka phambili - ukwakha kwawo kwakhiwa umbhoshongo owodwa ophakeme noma owesine, olinganiselwe ngokulinganisa eduze komkhathi we-cathedral.
• Ukudluliselwa kokungena kwecala elihlangothini. Izakhiwo ze-Gothic zivame ukuhlela ukufaka emcimbini ophakathi, kodwa eJalimane iningi lalezi zakhiwo lalinomnyango wokungena. Lokhu kwavumela ukujabulela ubuhle besakhiwo ngokugcwele.
• I-gothic ye-Brick. Lesi siqondiso sakhiwe izakhamuzi zaseJalimane futhi sisakazeka enyakatho yezwe.

Lokhu sizokutshela ngokuningiliziwe.

Brick Gothic

Isitayela esisha ekwakhiweni kwakha izimo ezithile lapho ukhetha izinto zokwakha. Esimweni esihle kunazo zonke lezo zindawo zaziphethe amatshe amakhulu nesihlabathi, kodwa eJalimane babe nezinkinga ezinkulu. Ikakhulukazi abampofu kulokhu kwakuyizindawo ezisenyakatho, ezethula umqondo we "gothic yezitini".

Kubonakala ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinkulu ezenziwe ngezitini. Lezi zinto azikwazanga ukuvumela ukwakha izakhiwo ezinjalo ezinkulu, ezibonisa isitayela se-Gothic, kodwa kuzo zonke ezinye imingcele ezihambisana ngokugcwele nesimo esinikeziwe.

Isibonelo se-Gothic yesitini singakhonza, isibonelo, isonto laseSt. Nicholas. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ezindaweni lapho izitini ezazisetshenziselwa khona ukwakhiwa, izakhiwo ze-Gothic zandiswa ngehholo lamadolobha, zithengisa izakhiwo ngisho nezakhiwo zefulethini.

I-Cologne Cathedral

Kuze kube sekupheleni kweGothic eJalimane ukulungiswa kweCologne Cathedral. Ukwakhiwa, okwaqala phakathi nekhulu leshumi nantathu, kwaphela iminyaka engamakhulu ayisithupha kuphela. Lesi sakhiwo saba uphawu oluyinhloko lwezwe, ukuhlanganisa iGothic ngempela yesiJalimane nesiFulentshi. Umlobi wephrojekthi ehloniphekile nguGerard von Rile, owasebenza kulo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2. Umklami wakhe wanquma ukwakha ithempeli endaweni yesethempendulo yasendulo yeRoma, esebenzisa isisekelo sayo. Ngesikhathi sokufa kwakhe, inkosi enetalente yayikwazi ukubona ingxenye yesikhishobhi, eyayimi engapheli kuze kube phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye.

Injini yokwakha ephelile, uMuzierner, owawuthatha isisekelo sokuqokwa kwakhe, kodwa washintsha izinto ezingasetshenziswayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngaphambi kokuba izakhamuzi zedolobha zivele i-cathedral, enezinqaba ezimbili zokunethezeka eziphakeme ngamamitha angamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi ayisihlanu, nobubanzi obungamamitha ayisishiyagalombili nesithupha.

Naphezu kokuthi i-Cologne Cathedral ayinakukwazi ngokuphelele ukuthi i-Gothic isakhiwo, isacatshangwa ukuthi izazi-mlando zibe yindlela ebonakala ngayo emlandweni waseJalimane.

I-Gothic leminyaka leshumi nane

Singasho ukuthi phakathi nekhulu leshumi nane, iningi lezakhiwo ezinkulu ezimangaze umcabango wabantu abaphila ngaleso sikhathi zase zakhiwe. Emadolobheni nasezindaweni ezincane zaqala ukuvela izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu kwisitayela seGothic.

Esebenzisa isipiliyoni sekhulu le-2, amakhosi aqala ukwakha izindawo zomphakathi nezindlu zokuhlala izakhamuzi ezicebile. Njengendabuko yamagugu amasiko athola amahholo edolobheni, izakhiwo zehholo lomuzi nezindlu zomphakathi.

Okwamanje, eziningi zazo zingumyuziyamu, okuvezwayo okuthakazelisayo kakhulu kubakhenkethi abavela emhlabeni wonke.

I-Architecture ye-Renaissance yaseJalimane

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, leli zwe lafika esimweni sokuhlukaniswa komhlaba. Inombolo enkulu yezinhloko zempi yabhekana nezimpi eziqhamuka phambili, okuvimbela kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwesitayela esisha sokwakha.

Kumele uqaphele ukuthi kuye isikhathi esivela ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu kuya kweleshumi nesikhombisa sibonakala. Ngalesi sikhathi, izilinganiso ezicacile neziqinile zafakwa esikhundleni sezinqwaba zokuhlobisa ngokulingiswa okudala. Imvuselelo yayihambisana nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izinto.

Kule nkathi kubonakala ukwakhiwa kwezinqaba, ngoba kumongo wezingxabano ezihlomile kunzima ukuqala ukwakha into enhle kakhulu.

I-Renaissance yanikeza izinqaba zomhlaba eDresden, ihholo ledolobha laseLeipzig, isonto likaSt. Michael kanye nezinye izakhiwo eziningi.

Amagama ambalwa ekuphetheni

Sicabanga ukuthi kusukela esihlokweni sethu kucacile ukuthi ngokucacile umlando wezwe ulandelwa kanjani ekwakhiweni kwezinkathi ezahlukene. Izakhamuzi eziningi zithi i-Germany ingacwaningwa kuphela ngezakhiwo zayo, ngasinye esisiko lesikhumbuzo esingokomfanekiso kakhulu.