Emma Goldman - isishoshovu sezombusazwe, i anarchist: Biography, izincwadi, inkulumo-ze of anarchism kanye ukulwela amalungelo

Emma Igolide neyaziwayo ikhanda ongenambangi we-FBI Edgardom Guverom "owesifazane eziyingozi kakhulu eMelika." Ngubani yena? Kungani yena yaze yanikezwa igama elithi ka Krasnaya Emma? Nangendlela okuye kwathinta ukubulala umengameli American? Konke lokhu kabanzi esihlokweni.

lokuzalwa

Emma Goldman wazalwa eRussia, ngokunembile kusukela Empire Russian. Wazalelwa e Lithuania, e Kaunas, Juni 27, 1869. Namuhla, umuzi njengoba Kaunas ezaziwayo. Abazali bakhe kubhekwe ngobala amaJuda wobunxiwankulu, ziqukethe isigayo esincane, eyasebenza njengodonga umthombo khona kwabo. Lapho Emma engu-13 ubudala, umkhaya wathuthela Petersburg.

Enhloko-dolobha ngaleso sikhathi eyisimanga ukuphila wamavukelambuso: ebulawa abashokobezi ababili ukuzibulala wabulala Tsar u-Alexander II. Okujabulisayo imibono wamavukelambuso ke kubhekwe yokuchitha isizungu imfashini entsheni. Kwakungenxa leminyaka, imibono enjalo "sihlasela" U-Emma.

I ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe lokuqala e-United States

Engu-17, u-Emma base bethuthele e-United States. E Rochester (NY) waqala ukusebenza efektri yendwangu. Ngo-1887 washada no-isisebenzi futhi wathola yisakhamuzi. Nokho, umoya wokuzibusa nowokuvukela lazenza wazizwa: wasazi mayelana izidlamlilo ezine walengiswa iqhaza uthuli Chicago, futhi ngokushesha banquma ujoyine le nhlangano anarchist.

ukubukwa zezombusazwe

Kuze kube manje, abantu abaningi banesithakazelo umbuzo owodwa: balokho okushunyayelwayo Emma Goldman - anarchism, anarcho-ubukhomanisi, anarcho-wokuziqambela, anarcho-ukulwela amalungelo? ke kungekho mpendulo. Emma wayengomunye walabo impela kholwa izimiso eziphakeme yelinyenti, umbuso wentando yeningi. Lokho anarchism, e umbono walo, ebonakaliswa nenkululeko yokucabanga, kanembeza, inkulumo. ekuthwaleni wayo uhlaka elukhuni isimo eyodwa, okuhloswe kuphela ukugqilaza, acindezele abanye amakilasi ngenxa yabanye. Kodwa isici esasenza "Red Emma" wayeyile yini ngokuthi ukufela "imibono eliqhakazile esizayo." Kunalokho, wayemthanda ukuphila, walithanda ukholo yezinguquko esizayo. Izitha zayo kukhona labo ukuphila kwakungelona ukubaluleka main.

Ingabe Emma ukuthi izinguquko?

Kuze kube manje, abanye abamaphephandaba nezintatheli ubuze umbuzo: kwakungekho Emma wamavukelambuso? Kodwa ingabe kunengqondo ukuzisola kuye abaxoshwa ngo-1917 eRussia ku isikebhe esidala ezingcolile? Uma yihlaziye ukubukwa eduze zezombusazwe kulezi zindaba futhi akumangalisi lokhu. Isishoshovu sezombusazwe Emma kudlulela ngale zonke isithombe kokujwayelekile izinguquko. Into esemqoka kulo - shí umbono sekusasa eliqhakazile umqondo zokuvukela umbuso. Akumelwe unazo izithakazelo zabo, akukho imizwa, akukho izindaba, akukho nezinamathiselo. Ngisho amaphupho abe wamavukelambuso kufanele kube incarnation ngezinhloso wakhulelwa kuphela. Kungokwemvelo ukuthi akufanele ngoba kokungabaza umzuzwana ukuthi anikele ukuphila kwakhe ngenxa izimiso elikhanyayo esizayo.

Emma Ubuye umbono ohluke ngokuphelele. Wayemhlonipha futhi ezikhulekelwa theorists we Revolution Russian: Mikhail Bakunin, Sergeya Nechaeva, Nikolaya Ogarova. Kodwa Emma akazange avumelane nabo engqondweni ukumuncwa ingqikithi umbono wamavukelambuso. Ngikholwa ukuthi imicabango enjalo akahlukile ukucabanga bebhange enkulu yeZezimakethe, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi egxilile emsebenzini wakhe ngokugcwele isizinda inzuzo. Kungani ukuphuca ngokwakho yini ubulili, lokusungula, injabulo yokuphila uguquko? Aint ekwakheni ikusasa eliqhakazile ingabe? Khona-ke kungani anikele ngawo manje?

Emma nomuzwa wokuthi ngaphandle injabulo indoda iphenduka biorobot isilwane engenangqondo, okuyinto ekuhlatshweni ukuze imigomo usithe esizayo. Bonke abangane bakhe baba labo njengoba nje nayo ayenqaba ngenxa ezizukulwaneni elikhanyayo esizayo. Konke lokhu kusikisela umbuzo owodwa yemvelo: kungakhathaliseki Emma kwaba wamavukelambuso ngempela? Noma kwaba nje kummeleli iqembu labantu esikhathini esizayo kuyodingeka igama "umphakathi"?

Ukulwa Emma

Emma Goldman alwa hhayi ngenxa elufifi ka "ekwakheni ikusasa eliqhakazile", futhi izinto aqondakala kalula kakhulu futhi evamile okwakubhekwa njengokungcolile phakathi American Abavukeli anarchist ongabalulekile, bekhohlisa: I-inkululeko ngokobulili, izinguquko lomshado, Ukuyekwa kwezindlela izinsizwa nabanye.

iziphathimandla US akazange cabanga ukukhuthazwa-non-ukunxenxa "bekhohlisa": ngo-1917 kwaba kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. US nomfelandawonye ekusizeni nje kuphela ngendaba futhi technical support, kodwa futhi ithunyelwa phambi kwamabutho akhe. Ordinary AmaMelika engathandi ukuya empini, umqondo ukuhlubuka futhi balimaze isikhalazo wathola ngokoqobo. Ngakho-ke imisebenzi Emma kule nkathi yesikhathi uyingozi. Ngo-1917, yena nabanye izidlamlilo eziningi zithunyelwe eRussia, lapho ngaleso sikhathi base bamukelwe kakade eyenziwa Elikhulu Okthoba Revolution.

Floating kude e-United States ngo-ngokushiya isikebhe bese ngifuna ukubona ekude ukuthi ngesikhathi Statue of Liberty, Emma uthi, "Futhi lokhu ezweni eziqhenya inkululeko yokukhuluma, buka ezimele, kodwa mina wadingiselwa ngenxa yalo."

Ukufika e-Russia

Umgwaqo kubambana nelive letfu lokufanako ephefumulelwe Emma. Yena kubhekwa Soviet Russia isihambile ezweni, okumele sikhombise umhlaba isibonelo. Esinye kungaba ukuthi uma umbuso Russian yamandla enjalo zigoqiwe ngaphansi amagalelo zamabutho wamavukelambuso, lonke izwe ikakhulukazi ukumelana. Ingabe Emma wayeyazi eziyimbangela kweqiniso in Soviet Russia, ngomkhumbi esikebheni? Elingaziwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, uLenin futhi amaBolshevik kwase kuyisikhathi eside Azihlukanisa wonke amabutho wamavukelambuso ashaqe amandla, ngisejele izidlamlilo eziningi mbuso emphakathini. It useqalile "ukuzingela" amalungu akhe nabo beqembu Menshevik iphiko.

Umhlangano no-Lenin

Emma Goldman wahlangana Abavukeli abaningi ezweni lethu. Ngaya vakashela ngisho anarchist Nestor Makhno, kodwa yena ikakhulukazi zikhunjulwe umhlangano V I. Leninym. Yashintsha ngokuphelele isimo sengqondo Red Emma kuya Russian Revolution. Emma kanye uVladimir Ilyich akakuthandanga nomunye. Umholi inguquko Russian hhayi isikhathi sokucabanga ngakho, kodwa "owesifazane eziyingozi kakhulu Melika," ukucabanga kwalo ezingavamile, kodwa ephethe tinge ezimbi. Emma nomuzwa wokuthi inguquko wanika emhlabeni isibonelo intando yeningi, inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, njll Nokho, amazwi kukaLenin washintsha ngokuphelele lo mbono :. Lenin emhlanganweni wathi lokuthi konke lokhu nje wobunxiwankulu ubandlululo.

Eqinisweni, umholi kwamaBolshevik, wathi ngembaba ukuthi izenzakalo olunegazi ezweni lethu, hhayi kuphela akazange ngcono isimo bonke abasebenzi, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, isimo sibe sibi kuphela. Kwesaba - lawa kwezifiso eyinhloko ekuphileni okusha. Ngokwemvelo, ukuthi Emma hleze lokhu. Kamuva wabhala ka Lenin ukuthi "uyazi ukuthi ukudlala ebuthakathakeni ukuthopha womuntu, imiklomelo kanye izindondo. Mina, ngasala uyaqiniseka ukuthi yena kungawufinyelela emva izinhlelo zabo ukuqeda kubo. " Kwakuyisikhathi ukudumazeka Lenin, futhi izimiso Russian Revolution.

sekudingiselweni emuva

Ngo-1921, kwaba khona into nakuba: Emma ethunyelwe isikebhe emuva lapho ngaphambili wadingiselwa - e-United States. Isizathu kuyafana: wenqaba sokuthula.

Ngo-1924 banyathelisa incwadi yakhe "Abantu abaningi badumala wami eRussia." Yena kubonisa ukuthi lona wesifazane wayesekhulile impela ngobuqotho, okungenye ukukhuluma iqiniso lodwa, awuzange wahlanganyela kwezombusazwe. Akekho ngempela owakwazi ukugxekana zenkohlakalo, ukuvikela izithakazelo kothile. Ngempela, kuqala kwakungumprofethi ukukhuthazwa anarchism e-United States. Ngemva kokuba badingiselwa eRussia wayengenayo ngilwe nesikhulu "West ohlehlela emuva." Kunalokho, ubona isimo esibi saba sibi nakakhulu zabantu eRussia emva Revolution, waqala ukuthi ivikele ikambisolawulo West, yena wathumela emuva.

Ukubukeka incwadi "Abantu abaningi badumala wami eRussia" esihlukanisiwe abangane bakhe abaningi, leftist. Emma weyengenandaba. Into esemqoka, wayecabanga - ukutshela abantu iqiniso-ke, yini oyikholelwayo. Ukuze akhohlise ngokwabo kanye nabanye ngenxa izintandokazi besikhashana kwakungelona isitayela sakhe.

Ukubulawa McKinley

Abantu besikhathi Emma sika kubhekwe ukuthi naye engaqondile ekubulaweni umongameli American. Nokho, eziningi nokushintshashintsha indaba.

25th UMengameli waseMelika uWilliam McKinley, washona mhlaka-14 Septhemba, 1901. Le nguqulo esemthethweni simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: inhloko yezwe ayikwazanga abhekane nemiphumela kokubulawa. Septhemba 5, 1901, "ngemva kokulalela izinkulumo ezivutha njengomlilo Emma Goldman," anarchist abashisekayo Leon Frank Leon Czolgosz ladubula kabili e Exhibition sikaMongameli wase-Pan-American e Buffalo.

ukuqondana ongaziwa

Ukubulawa umongameli wase-America e 1901 kuyinto elula kangaka cha.

Okokuqala, odidayo Ukuvikelwa umsebenzi. Okokuqala, abasebenzi kushiwo ukuthi waphawula yimuphi kubantu osolisayo. Khona-ke ukufunda izinguquko: Leon Czolgosz zazimeleleni sokwanda okukhulu kwezenzo black isikhonzi, owayebonakala ethuthuka kahle kubo yingozi. Khona-ke kungani musa ebona isibhamu ezandleni i anarchist naye? By endleleni, lokhu isikhonzi neutralized Leon Czolgosz nishaye ekhanda ngenqindi yakhe emva Inhlamvu yesibili.

Okwesibili, onemibuzo izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo. UMongameli akafelanga ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abangane nezihlobo babethi wayegqugquzela bayophila, ivuliwe lungisa. Septhemba 13, 1901 cindezela akuveza yabhala ukuthi McKinley waqala ukudla okuqinile, uyakusinda ngokushesha, futhi ngo-September 14, uMongameli eshona kungalindelekile.

Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, waba ibamba likamengameli uTeodor Ruzvelt, okuyinto isinyathelo ayisukanga umongameli egulayo. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, wayeyoba umuntu wokuqala isimo.

Umsebenzi wokugcina zezombusazwe Emma

Ngakho ubani lo Emma Goldman? Biography lalona wesifazane ukunika inzalo ukuba siyiqonde ukuthi iyini - yisibonelo esiphilayo ekugxileni imicabango yabantu, nezahlulelo. Bonke abantu eminyakeni ukushintsha isimo sabo maqondana izinto ezithile, izitatimende, ucabangela kuwukuba buthakathaka okwesikhashana, boyish, nabanye. Emma akuyona isikhashana saphela bakholwe kwezifiso zawo ngisho nalapho wamdumaza Russian Revolution. iminyaka yakhe yagcina lapho futhi ezinikele emzabalazweni wezepolitiki: ngo-1936, waya Spain ukusekela izidlamlilo-Spanish e kulwiwa ohlangothini uhulumeni republic.

Okuningi ephila, ngeke babuyele ezweni lenkaba yakhe yesibili. May 14, 1940 Emma uyafa ngokuphuka haemorrhage ingqondo. ekuzimiseleni kwakhe yokungcwaba le shot eduze izidlamlilo Chicago, ngenxa olwaqala emzabalazweni yayo ukuze umphakathi enhle.