I-Anarcho-syndicalism: incazelo, uphawu. I-Anarcho-syndicalism eRussia

I-Anarcho-syndicalism ingenye yezinyathelo ezihamba phambili kakhulu ezise-leftist emhlabeni. Ngendlela ekhona ngayo manje, kwavela eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule. Kulokunyakaza kunabalandeli abaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Izenzo zabo zezombangazwe zenzeka ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Iningi lemisebenzi yezombangazwe likhulu kakhulu: kusukela kwababameli ePhalamende laseYurophu, ekupheleni kwemibhikisho yomgwaqo yabantu abasha. Izazi zefilosofi eziningi ezivelele zengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 zinezinkolelo zama-anarchic futhi zakhuthaza ngenkuthalo ukuthuthuka kwazo emphakathini. I-Anarcho-syndicalism ithandwa kubantu abasha. Ukufaniswa kwalokhu kuqhuma kuvame ukuvela emibonisweni nasezimweni.

Umsuka eRussia

I-Anarcho-syndicalism yavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngaleso sikhathi eYurophu, ukunyakaza okuhlukahlukene kwe-leftist kwakuthandwa kakhulu. Emibuthanweni ye-intelligentsia, kwakukhona ukuhlaziywa okungapheli kwemisebenzi yezazi zefilosofi ezaziwa ngaleso sikhathi. Omunye wama-antiarchist obala owakhiwa nguMikhail Bakunin. Wachaza ngendlela yakhe imibono yangaphambili ye-federalism. Wabaqeda, wafika e-anarchism. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yenza inzwa yangempela eFrance naseJalimane. Izincwajana zanyatheliswa nge-akhawunti emfushane yemibono yakhe. Ama-anarchist okuqala ayehluke kakhulu kunamanje. Igumbi lesisekelo lezenzo zabo, bakholelwa ukubumbana kwazo zonke izisebenzi kumakominini noma izinhlangano (ngakho-ke igama). Izingxabano zengxabano zazingakafiki. Kodwa-ke, iBakunin nabalandeli bakhe bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukwakha umphakathi okhululekile, ngaphandle kwabacindezeli nokucindezelwa, ngesisekelo sokuzikhethela kohlanga. UMikhail ngokwakhe wema emahhovisi asePanvism - umqondo wokuhlanganisa wonke amaSlav. Wayekholelwa ukuthi isiko saseYurophu sihlale sisondela endleleni yokuphila yeSlavic, sizama ukuyifaka. Imibono yakhe yathinteka abameleli abaningi bokufuduka kwePoland.

Roger Rocker

Omunye umbhishobhi ovelele wekhulu lama-20 nguRobert Rocker. I-Anarcho-syndicalism ekuqondeni kwakhe yayihlukile ngokuhlukile kwe "classical" eyodwa. Ngokungafani ne-Bakunin, wabamba iqhaza empilweni yezombangazwe yaseYurophu. Wayengumalungu ovelele we-Social-Democratic Party yaseJalimane. Imizamo yakhe yaphumelela ekwakheni izinhlangano eziningana zezinyunyana, ezadlala indima ebalulekile emiphakathini yokuguqula emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi amabili, ukunyakaza kwesokunxele emhlabeni wonke kwakunamandla kunanini ngaphambili. Kwakukhona izinguquko eRussia, okuyinto, eqinisweni, ephefumulelwe bonke abalandeli bayo emhlabeni jikelele. Ezingxenyeni zokuqala zombuso, izifunda ezintsha zadalwa. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, uRoque wakwazi ukuhlanganisa amaqembu amaningi azenhlalo. KuRiphabhulikhi ye - Weimar , izinkulungwane zabasekeli be-anarcho-unionism zivele. Kodwa-ke, ngokufika kwamandla kaNational Socialists, ama-anarchists kanye nabanye abameleli bezimiso ezibucayi be-leftist baqala ukushushiswa. Ngemva kokumemezela kukaHitler nguFuhrer, uRoker wabaleka eMelika, lapho afela khona ngo-1958, eshiya ifa elihle kubantu besikhathi sakhe.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo

I-Anarcho-syndicalism iyinhlangano yokunyakaza engakwesokunxele. Naphezu kokufana okuningi, kuhluke kakhulu komunye wamaKhomanisi. Omunye wemibono eyinhloko ukuphika isimo. Ama-Anarchists akholelwa ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukwakha umphakathi onobulungisa ngaphandle kokubhubhisa wonke amazwe asungulwe ngezizathu zomlando. Kusukela lapha kulandela futhi ukuphika ukwehlukana kobuhlanga zibe ngabantu. Umphakathi omusha kufanele wakhelwe ngesisekelo sokuzibandakanya kuphela kwabasebenzi emhlabeni jikelele. Isakhiwo esinqunyiwe kufanele siphiwe ngokuphelele. Ama-Anarchist akufanele ahlanganyele kunoma yiziphi izindaba zezwe. Yonke imisebenzi yezombangazwe iqala kuphela emsebenzini wokuguqula. Ukuchazwa ngamathuluzi wombuso kubhekene nokwehlukaniswa kwesinyathelo ngabacindezeli.

Izindlela zokulwa

I-Anarcho-syndicalism ihilela izinhlangano emhlabathini. Amasevisi abasebenzi kumele asekelwe ezimisweni zokusiza kanye nokuqonda. Lokhu kubumbana kuyadingeka ukulwa namalungelo abo. Okubizwa okuthiwa ukwabelana ngokuqondile kubhekwe njengendlela. Lezi zishaywayo, imishayalo, imibhikisho yomgwaqo njalonjalo. Ngemuva kokuthatha isinqumo sokuqala isenzo, bonke abasebenzi kumele bayisekele. Izenzo ezinjalo zenzelwe ukuhanjiswa komasipala futhi zibeke isisekelo sokuqhubeka nokuguquka. Ukuguqulwa kwezwe lonke ukuze kutholakale umphakathi onobulungisa kuwumgomo oyinhloko wabasebenzi be-anarcho-unionists.

Inhlangano esebenzayo

Zonke izinqumo ezithinta impilo yansuku zonke kumele zenziwe ngokuvota jikelele ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezinyunyana zabasebenzi. Futhi njengendlela yokwenza izinqumo ezinjalo, imihlangano evamile yabasebenzi yayibhekwa, lapho wonke amalungu omphakathi angabamba iqhaza, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiyiphi inhlalakahle, inhlanga noma olunye ubulungu. Futhi, noma yimuphi umsebenzi wezombangazwe ngaphandle kwalezi zinyunyana uyavunyelwa. Noma yikuphi ukubambisana namadivaysi kahulumeni akuvunyelwe. Ngezikhathi zethonya elikhulu, ama-anarchists awazange abambe iqhaza ekhethweni futhi akazange azongcolise nohulumeni. Isiteleka ngasinye siphelile ngemuva kokuba abaphathi bamabhizinisi befuna izinguquko. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izisebenzi ngokwazo azizange zizibophezele kunoma yiziphi izibopho futhi zingaqhubeka nokuphikisana nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

Inhlangano yamakomidi

Amakomasipala kufanele ahlelwe kuphela ngesisekelo esinqunyiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, noma yikuphi ukukhishwa kwamakhanda nama-elites. Abantu kwakudingeka bazakhele impilo yabo ngokuzimela ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezinyunyana zabo ngokwabo, becabangela imibono yabahlanganyeli abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Izinyunyana zingabambisana, kodwa ezimisweni zokulingana. Ukuxhunyaniswa komphakathi kuhulumeni noma kweqembu lobuzwe kunqatshiwe. Ngokusho kwezazi ezivelele, ukubunjwa kwama-syndicates ngesimiso sokuguqula unomphela kwakuzoholela ekwakheni inyunyana yomhlaba.

Impahla yangasese

Umsuka wenkinga yabanqamuleli bomphakathi banamuhla babheka impahla yangasese. Ngokombono wabo, ukuhlukaniswa kwemiphakathi eya emakilasini kwenzeka ngokuqondile emva kokubonakala kwendawo yokuqala yangasese (izindlela zokukhiqiza). Ukusatshalaliswa okungalungile kwezinsiza kuye kwaholela ekubeni umuntu ngamunye aqale ukuncintisana namanye amalungu omphakathi. Futhi uma ubuhlobo bobudlelwano be-capitalist bukhula ngokwengeziwe, lesi simiso sokuxhumana sithatha izimpande ezingqondweni zabantu. Kusukela lapha kulandela ubudlelwane nombuso ngokuqondene nomzimba owodwa wokujezisa, zonke izindlela zokuphoqelelwa ezenzakalela iqembu elincane labantu. Ngakho-ke, ukubhujiswa kwalesi simiso sokuqashwa kungenzeka kuphela emva kokubhujiswa kwe-capitalism. Kusukela ngenhla, kulandela ukuthi i-anarcho-syndicalism yimbono yomhlaba ehlanganisa ukulwa kwemibutho ebanzi ngamalungelo abo ngokusebenzisa isenzo esiqondile, ukuphika ukubambisana nabacindezeli, ngenhloso yokwakha umphakathi onobulungisa. Okulandelayo, ake sikhulume ngokuthi kwakunjani eRussia.

I-Anarcho-syndicalism eRussia

ERussia, abakwa-anarcho-syndicalists bokuqala babonakala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Le nhlangano yavela ngokuyinhloko phakathi kwezihlakaniphile eziqhubekayo futhi yathatha isibonelo kumaC decembrists. Ngaphansi kwethonya lama-theorists, ikakhulukazi ama-Bakunin, ama-anarchist aqala ukusondelana nabasebenzi futhi ahlele izinyunyana zokuqala. Babizwa ngokuthi "abadumile". Ekuqaleni, ububanzi bemibono yezombusazwe yamaNarodniks behlukahluka kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, iphiko elikhulu lamavukelambuso, eliholwa iBakunin, lavela ngokushesha. Umgomo wabo bafaka ukuvukela ezweni lonke. Ngokombono wabase-anarcho-unionists, emva kokuvukela nokuvukela umbuso izwe lizobhujiswa, futhi endaweni yalo kuyoba nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ze-federations kanye nezisebenzi, ezizoba isisekelo somphakathi omusha wokuhleleka. Imibono enjalo yayiphikisana namaKhomanisi. Bayibiza nabo futhi. Isizathu sokugxekwa kwakuwukuthi ngisho nalapho kwenzeka ukubhujiswa kombuso oyedwa wezimbangi, bekungeke kwenzeke ukusungula amandla abantu, njengoba amazwe angomakhelwane angasisebenzisa ngokushesha leso simo.

Isimanje

Kukhona futhi i-anarcho-syndicalism yanamuhla. Ifulege lingumnyama obomvu, kanti zombili izinkambu zise-angle. Umbala obomvu ubhekisela ekuhlaleni, futhi abamnyama ku-anarchy. Abaholi bezinsuku zanamuhla bahluke kakhulu kwabangaphambi kwabo. Uma ezinyangeni zama-anarchist zekhulu lama-20 zibalwa izigidi zamalungu, manje seziye zaba amaqembu ahlukanisiwe abantu abasha. EYurophu kukhona ukuthandwa okuvela emibonweni ye-leftist. Kodwa-ke, esikhundleni sokulwa nokungalingani kweklasi, abasha be-antiarcho-unionist bafaka impi yokulwa nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokucwaswa njengento ebalulekile. Ngezinye izikhathi izizathu zemibhikisho ziyize ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke, inqwaba ye-anarcho-syndicalism ayisasekelwa emphakathini. Incazelo yale mbono, eyanikezwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule, ihunyushwa ngokuhlukile namhlanje, ngenxa yalokho, ngisho naphakathi kwama-anarchists ngokwayo, akukho ubunye. Ngakho-ke, ukunyakaza akujabuleli ukwesekwa kwabantu.

Amasheya adume kakhulu

Aba-Anarchists baye bahileleka ngenkuthalo ezindleleni zezombusazwe ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile ngokomlando iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Ngamashumi amabili, badlala indima enkulu ekusungulweni kweRiphabhulikhi ye-Weimar, kanye nokushintsha imibuso kwamanye amazwe. Izigameko ezivamile zivame ukuphenduka izimpikiswano zomhlaba wonke. Njengoba kuvela emithonjeni eminingi, eFrance yedwa, abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi basekela i-anarcho-unionism. Okuyikho, abahluleka ukuphendula ngokungaqondile, ngoba iningi laba bantu bezingxenye zomphakathi ompofu. Kodwa bakwazi ukuletha izinkinga eziningi kuhulumeni. Eminyakeni yesithathu, izinkulungwane zama-anarchists zaya eSpain ukuba zihlanganyele empini yombango.