Izingane zika-Alexander 1. Alexander P. 1: Phakathi nokubusa empilweni yakho, biography

UMbusi u-Alexander ngineminyaka engu umzukulu uCatherine Omkhulu indodana yakhe kuphela uPawulu Petrovich kanye German inkosazana UZandile ka Württemberg, eSontweni Lobu-Orthodox kaMaria Feodorovna. Wazalwa Petersburg ngo-December 25, 1777. Ogama lakhe behlonipha Aleksandra Nevskogo, isikhulu usana umqhele ngokushesha nje ngafakwa ikude nabazali bayo wenyusa ngaphansi kokulawulwa ugogo bobukhosi, okuyinto kwawuthonya kakhulu ukubukwa zezombusazwe yenkosi esizayo.

Ebuntwaneni futhi intsha

Zonke ebuntwaneni Alexander waba ngaphansi kokuqondisa ugogo bobukhosi, nabazali bami, wacishe akazange Nokho, ukuxhumana naphezu kwalokhu, yena uyise, uPawulu wayebathanda futhi owazi kahle ezindabeni zezempi. Isevisi langempela kwesikhulu umqhele ubekade Gatchina, eminyakeni 19 wakhushulelwa sombutho.

I Tsarevich kwadingeka nokuqonda ukuze asheshe aqonde ulwazi olusha futhi wafunda ubumnandi. Kukuye, hhayi indodana yakhe uPawulu Ekaterina Velikaya wabona Ngokuzayo Russian uMbusi, kodwa ukubeka wahlala esihlalweni sakhe sobukhosi, ngokudlula uyise kabanga.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-20, nakabekwa kuba umbusi-jikelele Petersburg induna Guards Semenov ibutho. Ngemva konyaka, waqala ukuhlala iSigele.

Alexander sasibucayi kwenqubomgomo, elaliba uyise, uMbusi uPawulu, ngakho wayehileleka ugobe, ogama Umgomo wakhe kwakuwukwenza offset kuKesari esihlalweni sobukhosi wokubusa kuka-Alexander. Nokho, Umqhele Prince kwaba isimo ukuze kulondolozwe ukuphila kayise, ngakho ukufa ngesihluku kwezingane zinyanga Umqhele Prince baletha umuzwa wecala for a lifetime.

nemshado

ukuphila Siqu Alexander ngangimatasa kakhulu. Umshado Crown Prince lwaqala ekuqaleni - eneminyaka engu-16, yena waba womshado kuya nane-Baden Princess uLouise Mariey Avgustoy, wangena esikhundleni sakhe sokuba igama wamasiko, baba Elizavetoy Alekseevnoy. Abasand 'ukutjhada kakhulu kuhambisana nomunye, ngoba yena wathola isidlaliso phakathi yizikhonzi Cupid kanye psyche. Eminyakeni yokuqala ka umshado phakathi kwendoda nomkayo babe ithenda kakhulu inhliziyo, Grand Duchess sithandwa kakhulu futhi ehlonishwa yibo bonke enkantolo, ngaphandle umkhwe Maria Feodorovna. Nokho, ubuhlobo obufudumele bomkhaya ngokushesha wakhala epholile - lo mbhangqwana kwadingeka izinhlamvu ezihluke kakhulu, ngaphandle Alexander Pavlovich ngokuvamile bekhohliswa unkosikazi wakhe.

Unkosikazi ka-Alexander I kwahluka isizotha, ukunethezeka walithanda cha, wahlanganyela esiza abantulayo, amabhola kanye nemicimbi yomphakathi, uma icela ukuhamba futhi ukufunda izincwadi.

Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna

Cishe iminyaka eyisithupha, umshado Grand Duke enganikanga izithelo zawo, nolinda kuphela 1799 zaba abantwana baka-Alexander I. Grand Duchess wabeletha indodakazi - Maria Alexandrovna. Ukuzalwa ingane kuye kwaholela naphakathi-esibandakanya asebukhosini. Umama ka-Alexander kwase lasikisela ukuthi ingane akazalwanga Crown Prince, futhi kusukela Prince Czartoryski, enovelini ngalo yena esolwa indodakazi yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intombazane wazalelwa Brunette, futhi bobabili abazali babesebenzisa blonde. Ukuze okuvukela uMbuso udade lasikisela uMbusi uPawulu. Tsarevich Alexander ngokwakhe wavuma indodakazi yakhe akazange akhulume ithuba lokuba ngishintshe umkakhe. Injabulo ngubaba yaba ngeyesikhashana, Grand Duchess Maria waphila iminyaka esingangonyaka nje, futhi wafa ngo-1800. indodakazi Ukufa ukubuyisana kafushane futhi zayiswa eduze ambalwa.

Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna

amanoveli eziningi ziya ziba mandla elihlukanisiwe ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele owakwakhe, u-Alexander, akacashi, zahlala Maria Naryshkin, futhi iNdlovukazi Elizabeth kusukela 1803 waqala lithandana Aleksiem Ohotnikovym. Ngo 1806, umkakhe wazala indodakazi ka-Alexander I - Grand Duchess Elizabeth, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lo mbhangqwana iminyaka eminingi akuzange siphile ndawonye hhayi, umbusi neyaziwayo indodakazi yakhe, okwakwenza intombazane ngabokuqala emgqeni sobukhosi. Izingane zika-Alexander I eside kwamjabulisa. Indodakazi yesibili ushone eneminyaka engu-izinyanga ezingu-18. Ngemva kokufa Princess Elizabeth washada ubudlelwano umbhangqwana ube cool nakakhulu.

Lithandana Maria Naryshkina

ukuphila Ushadile nge Elizavetoy Alekseevnoy kakhulu akusebenzanga ngenxa uxhumano engu-nanhlanu nendodakazi Alexander wohlanga olukhulu Polish M. Naryshkina ukuze Chetvertinskaya umshado. Lokhu isixhumanisi Alexander babengazifihli wakhe wayazi umndeni wakhe kanye nazo zonke yizikhonzi, ngaphezu kwalokho, kakhulu Maria Naryshkin ngawo wonke amathuba wazama ukugwaza umyeni wakhe uMbusi, wayebhekisela lithandana Alexander. Kuyo yonke le minyaka indaba Alexander bathi le ubuyise emihlanu izingane eziyisithupha Naryshkina:

• U-Elizabeth D., 1803 lokuzalwa,
• U-Elizabeth D., 1804 lokuzalwa,
• UZandile D., 1808 lokuzalwa,
• UZinaida Dmitrievna, 1810 ngonyaka lokuzalwa,
• Emmanuel D., 1813 lokuzalwa.

Ngo-1813, uMbusi Sahlukana Naryshkina njengoba esolwa naye ngokuqondene nenye indoda. UMbusi okusolakala ukuthi Emmanuel Naryshkin - hhayi indodana yakhe. Ngemva ukudabula phakathi abathandi wangaphambili ukulondoloza ubuhlobo nobungane. Kuzo zonke izingane kaMariya u-Alexander I sika waqopha wahlala Sofya Naryshkina. Washona ngineminyaka engu-16, ngosuku olwandulela emshadweni wabo.

asizalwanga ngokuphinga ka-Alexander I

Ngaphezu izingane kaMariya Naryshkina le uMbusi u-Alexander waba asizalwanga ngokuphinga nezinye izintandokazi.

• Nikolay Lukash, yazalwa ngo-1796 esuka Sofii Mescherskoy;
• Maria wazalwa ngo-1819 esuka Marii Turkestanovoy;
• Maria A. Paris (1814), unina Margaret Zhozefina Veymer;
• Alexandrov Alexandrina noWilhelmina Paulina, owazalwa ngo-1816, umama ayaziwa;
• Gustav Ehrenberg (1818), unina Elena Rautenstrauch;
• UNikolai Isakov (1821), umama - Karacharova nguMariya.

Ubaba zokugcina izingane ezine phakathi biography yoMbusi abacwaningi uhlala impikiswano. Ezinye izazi-mlando ngisho bayangabaza ukuthi izingane Alexander I.

Inqubomgomo Domestic 1801 -1815 iminyaka.

Njengoba wawenyukela sobukhosi ngoMashi 1801, u-Alexander I Pavlovich wamemezela ukuthi wayezoqhubeka inqubomgomo ugogo wakhe uCatherine Omkhulu. Ngaphezu isihloko uMbusi u-Alexander waba osesikhundleni inkosi yasePoland kusukela 1815, Grand UMbusi Finland kusukela 1801 futhi uMvikeli Order of Malta kusukela 1801.

Ukubusa kwakhe kweminyaka ka-Alexander I (1801 kuya 1825) kwaqala nge ukuthuthukiswa yezinguquko ezinkulu. UMbusi waqeda Imfihlo Expedition, wavimbela ukusetshenziswa sokuhlushwa ngokumelene iziboshwa avunyelwe ngenisa kusuka phesheya, izincwadi bese uvula izindlu ukuphrinta yangasese kuleli zwe.

Alexander wenza isinyathelo sokuqala maqondana ukuqedwa serfdom, wakhipha umyalo wokuba "Ngo kubalimi khulula", futhi yena wanithwesa ukuvinjelwa ukudayiswa abalimi ngaphandle ezweni, kodwa ushintsho oluncane, le misebenzi alwenziwa.

e izinguquko ohlelweni lwezemfundo

Alexander kwaba kwekuhlela kabusha akhiqiza kakhudlwana ohlelweni lwezemfundo. a ukushiyana kwezidalwa ecacile izikhungo zemfundo iye kwetfulwa ngokuvumelana izinhlelo zemfundo isimo, ngakho kwakunabazalwane izikole County kanye sezenkolo, izikole uhlelo lolimi kanye nezikole yesifundazwe namanyuvesi. Phakathi 1804-1810 biennium. Kwatholakala Kazan, laseKharkov University, Petersburg Pedagogical Institute wavulwa, lo nelungelo Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, enhloko-dolobha libuyiselwe Academy of Sciences.

Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala wokubusa kombusi yena uzungezwe abasha abantu abafundile kanye ukubukwa ezithuthukayo. Esinye sazo kwakungu-the Speransky sezomthetho, kwaba ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe abangu ngilunge College kukaPetru Ministry. Speransky kwaqala iphrojekthi ku kabusha umbuso, okuyinto ezibekwe ukwehlukana amandla futhi kusungulwa i umzimba omele okhethiwe. Ngakho amakhosi ohlanga ngabe ushintshwa uba ngokomthethosisekelo, kodwa kabusha lihlangane ukumelana izigwili zezombusazwe futhi ahlukile, ngakho-ke akazange kwenziwe.

Reform 1815-1825 GG.

Phakathi nokubusa kuka-Alexander I, umlando Russia ishintshile kakhulu. UMbusi yabonisa amagxathu asebenzayo kunqubomgomo yasekhaya ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe, kodwa ngemva 1815 bangena ukwehla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye yezinguquko wakhe wahlangana ukumelana esintamo yezikhulu Russian. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinguquko eziphawulekayo Empire Russian akwenzekanga. Ngo 1821-1822, amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi, bavinjelwa inhlangano imfihlo futhi Masonic zokulala kwamiswa ibutho.

Okukhishwayo kwakungamadodana izifundazwe entshonalanga ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Ngo 1815, u-Alexander 1 anikeze uMbuso iPoland uMthethosisekelo, owawuthi Poland baba amakhosi ohlanga lezinceku njengengxenye Russia. EPoland, Ukudla bicameral liyalondolozwa, okuyinto kanye King umzimba zomthetho. UMthethosisekelo bekungelegolide ovulekile ngezindlela eziningi okusikhumbuza Charter French kanye nomthethosisekelo we-England. Futhi e Finland ke waqinisekisa ukuqaliswa komthetho lomthethosisekelo 1772, futhi abalimi Baltic bakhululwa serfdom.

kabusha lempi

Ngemva kokunqoba kuka-Napoleonom Aleksandr wabona ukuthi izwe lidinga kabusha wezempi, ngakho kusukela 1815 uNgqongqoshe neMpi Arakche'ev ukuthi kufanele ibuye ukuthuthukisa iphrojekthi yayo. Luhilela ukudalwa nemizana lempi njengoba izigodi entsha yezempi nakwezolimo, angathathwa ukuqedelwa ibutho ngokugcwele. Eyokuqala yalezi nemizana kwangena Kherson, izifundazwe Novgorod.

inqubomgomo angaphandle

Ukubusa u-Alexander I, zashiya izibazi, futhi inqubomgomo angaphandle. Ngomnyaka wokuqala wokubusa kwakhe, waphetha zezivumelwano zokuthula nge iBrithani neFrance, futhi 1805-1807 bekuyingxenye ngokumelene French uMbusi Napoleon. Ukunqotshwa at Austerlitz kwayibhebhethekisa isimo eRussia, okwaholela ukusayinwa Ukuthula Tilsit nge Napoleon ngoJuni 1807, okubandakanya ukudalwa ubuhlobo ukuzivikela phakathi neFrance neRussia.

Okuningi yimpumelelo kwaba ingxabano Russian-Turkish ka 1806-1812., Yikuphi yaphela nge ukusayinwa Brest ukuthula, ngawo eBessarabia ukuthi yanika eRussia.

Nempi Sweden ka 1808-1809 yaphela ngukunqoba-Russia, uMbuso ukuthula sivumelwano ithole Finland kanye Åland Islands.

Futhi ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Alexander phakathi nempi Russian NamaPheresiya ukuze umbuso kwangena Azerbaijan, Imereti, Guria, Mingrelia futhi Abkhazia. Empire iwine unelungelo iCaspian yayo imikhumbi. Ngaphambili, ngo-1801, Georgia baba yingxenye Russia, futhi 1815 - Duchy waseWarsaw.

Kodwa-ke ukunqoba enkulu kuyinqobo ka-Aleksandru eMpini Patriotic ka 1812, ngakho-ke, nguyena oku holele le sokusebenzisana anti-French ka 1813-1814. Ngo-March 1814 Russian uMbusi langena Paris ekuqaleni kwazo amabutho sokusebenzisana, waba omunye wabaholi weCongress of Vienna ukusungula i-oda entsha e-Europe. Ukuthandwa Umbusi waseRussia wawumkhulu, ngo-1819, waba ibhapathizwa ngekusasa iNdlovukazi yaseNgilandi uVictoria.

uMbusi ukufa

Ngokusho version olusemthethweni, uMbusi u-Alexander I Romanov wafa Novemba 19, 1825 eTaganrog emirarweni ubuchopho ukuvuvukala. Ngakho ngokushesha uMbusi nokufa okubangelwa eziningi amahemuhemu nama-legends.

Ngo-1825, impilo iye yawohloka kakhulu inkosikazi yombusi, odokotela belulekwa sezulu eningizimu, sanquma ukuya yaseTaganrog, uMbusi wathatha isinqumo ukuhamba nomkakhe, nabo ubudlelwane baba efudumele kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje.

Ukuba eningizimu, umbusi wavakashela Novocherkassk kanye eCrimea, endleleni, wabamba waphathwa umkhuhlane futhi washona. Alexander kwahluka impilo enhle futhi ayengakaze agule, ngakho kokufa koMbusi oneminyaka engu-48 ubudala, abantu abaningi baqala ukuba nezinsolo, futhi abaningi babecabanga isifiso sakhe okungazelelwe ukuba ahambe iNdlovukazi ukuvakashela osolisayo kakhulu. Ngaphandle yinkosi umzimba ngaphambi yokungcwaba kwakungekhona kuboniswe abantu sokuvalelisa iphutha lomngcwabo avaliwe. amahemuhemu Okuningi eyaqanjwa kanye nokushabalala okuseduze unkosikazi zombusi - Elizabeth washona ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha.

UMbusi - Omdala

Ngo 1830-1840 GG. inkosi efile phathelana ukubizwa kumdala othile Fedorom Kuzmichom, ngubani, izici zakhe zibe njengesivunguvungu, lo mbusi, futhi anemikhuba kakhulu, hhayi esivela stroller elula. Phakathi sabantu kwakukhona amahemuhemu ukuthi umbusi wangcwatshwa double, futhi inkosi ngaphansi igama lenkulu owahlala khona bekwafika 1864, wona lawo mandla Empress Elizabeth A. iyibhulogi unkom 'idlayodwa Vera Molchalnitsey.

Umbuzo ka ngabe umdala Fyodor Kuzmich no-Aleksandru oyedwa ingakamiswa cacisa, wafaka irekhodi ngqo "i" can luhlolo zofuzo kuphela.