Yamandulo aseMpumalanga lasendulo. Impucuko yokuqala East Lasendulo

Umlando wasendulo bekulokhu nesithakazelo esikhulayo, hhayi nje phakathi abacwaningi abagogodile, kodwa futhi izakhamuzi ezivamile. Akumangazi, njengoba izimfihlo kufihlwe mists isikhathi, hhayi nje bakugcone umcabango, kodwa futhi angakunika izimpendulo zemibuzo eminingi ukuthi ukuhlushwa kanye yesimanje abantu.

Izazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu nososayensi zezombusazwe asaphenya polity uMbuso WasePheresiya, okuyinto zathatha isikhathi eside kunalokho LamaRoma. Kodwa ikakhulukazi eziningi imibuzo kubangele impucuko yasendulo lasendulo East. Uma okhokho bethu siyazi kuqhathaniswa kakhulu, ezifundazweni eziningi isikhathi babe - kakhulu - kuphela kukhulunywa awuzwakali kahle emakhasini imisebenzi izazi-mlando zasendulo.

Nokho, namuhla sizoxoxa ngalezo amasiko, okungase ukushiya impela uphawu okuphawulekayo emlandweni. Yikuphi bungabonakala impucuko ethile East Lasendulo, okuye kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuvela izakhiwo isimo?

Isizinda zokwakheka umbuso wokuqala

Emhlabeni Ngekhulu le-11 BC, eqala ukuvela imfundo enkulu yokuqala yeningi. Ngalezo zinsuku, ayebonakala kuphela emva kokunqotshwa abantu omunye ngomunye. Ababusi uthi kuqala ngokuvamile babengamaqhawe onekhono, kodwa osopolitiki kunalokho isilinganiso. Isifiso sabo main kwaba ukunwetshwa okuzingela, futhi ukugcina umngcele, babekwenze iwine kuphela amandla. Ngokuvamile, isici yezimpucuko aseMpumalanga lasendulo (iningi labo, noma kunjalo) bubonisa ngokuqondile ukuthi ukwencika emnothweni kazwelonke ukuziphatha ngempumelelo izimpi ukunqotshwa.

Uma ayehlasela kuphumelele ke ezandleni abahlaseli bazithola izinkulungwane izigqila ahamba ingxenye enkulu yensimu, ogama labantu ke obkladyvayut intela emba eqolo. isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona Uvele avunyelwe imali amakhosi aqukethe nababhali, izazi abaculi, esibonakala ngalo ukuthi singabalandeli ukwazi okuthile ngalabo izikhathi ngingakhululeki. Kancane kancane ababusi ngcono izinhlobo zohulumeni, basibona isidingo sokuhlangana ukwakha inqaba enkulu.

Anqoba izizwe ngenkathi ehlala ngaphakathi esimweni esifanayo, kungcono sazana, isizwe esisha sekukhona. Ngokuvamile, uma ukugqamisa timphawu letitinkhomba impucuko aseMpumalanga lasendulo, kumelwe kuqashelwe ukuthi amaqembu amaningi yobuhlanga eyaziwa ngesifiso sabo sokunqoba, hhayi ukwenza ezibukwayo ukubhubhisa isiko, zibhalwe futhi ulimi abantu benqoba.

Yilokho impucuko kakhulu ezahlukene eMpumalanga yasendulo. Ithebula ulunika banombono ocacile.

Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu uthi lasendulo

Ukuvela amandla enkulu ngempela ziye zaba nomthelela izici ezimbili ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, kusukela North kwavela izizwe owakhuphula amahhashi abo ezifuywayo. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-kulethe sangempela impi: manje ibutho kahle ahlomile Yayintininiza ngokushesha olude. Kwakukhona izinqola enamandla, okwakukhona ukwesabisa isitha. Ngakho, ukuthuthukiswa impucuko aseMpumalanga lasendulo waya ijubane umxhwele kakhulu.

Ekugcineni, abantu baye bafunda ukukhiqiza steel zekhwalithi ehloniphekile: yensimbi amathuluzi wezolimo wavumela ukuhlakulela enhlabathini bese sikhule ukudla okuningi, steel zempi kwaba ngendlela emangalisayo, eliqinile, futhi kulula ukusika izinkemba zethusi imvunulo kanye izinkemba. Ningami ningenzi lutho, namasiko yezimpucuko aseMpumalanga lasendulo: kwakukhona iqoqo izitayela ezintsha zobuciko, ithuthukiswe ngokubhala uhlelo kanye nokuphatha umphakathi.

Imiphumela ukuvela le mibuso kuqala okukhulu kwakukhona ahlukahlukene ngempela. Yiqiniso, inqubo kumiswa yabo ubephelezelwa kwaqubuka ebudloveni bezinga elingakaze libonwe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kuba ukubukeka kwabo nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni okusheshayo isayensi kanye sphere nomphakathi. Ngakho kwaba namiphi impucuko aseMpumalanga sidilizwa lasendulo?

EmaHethi

Kukholakala ukuthi umbuso wokuqala athuthukiswe ihlelwe bakwaHeti. Abantu lokhu imithombo ongaqondakali kakhulu, ngoba kusukela lapho, kwathatha isikhathi esiningi, ngakho obuphathekayo abanawo. It is ukuthi awase iqembu yobuhlanga Indo-European eyaziwa, futhi e-Asia Minor, lapho wavela khona endaweni ethile enyakatho. Empeleni, ekuqaleni amaHeti esungulwe ezifundazweni eziningana, kodwa BC XVIII leminyaka, bahlanganiswe zibe munye. Nokho, le ndlela ukuthuthukiswa sekudlule cishe yonke impucuko aseMpumalanga lasendulo futhi endulo.

Inhloko-dolobha ye umHeti isimo yayisesigodini emzini Hattusa. Thanda kubantu abaningi basendulo, bona babehilelekile kuphela nezinkomo zizalela kanye nezolimo. Nokho, umsebenzi oncomekayo futhi kahle ibhizinisi yezimayini. Ngakho kahle ukuthi phakathi mlando wukuthi abantu kubhekwe ukuba iphayona yensimbi sokuncibilikisa ubuchwepheshe.

Kepha kuthini na inkambo sezikole zalolu impucuko aseMpumalanga Lasendulo? grade 10 kileso naleso sikolo ongabazi ukuthi amaHeti ephethwe ukusungula phakathi kwawo wonke amasiko yanqoba ukuhweba ezinhle othayi kwamasiko.

ekunqotshweni amaHeti

EmaHethi Babegogodile futhi amaqhawe anesibindi: ku BC XVII ekhulwini bathatha ngokuphelele phezu enyakatho yeSiriya. Ngo 1595 BC, ngaphansi kwengcindezi kwehlelwa eBhabhiloni edume. Kanye namaPheresiya, namaHeti njalo zihlukaniswa yokuthi cishe akukho udlame olubhekiswe izizwe yanqotshwa. Njengomthetho, bona angadingi ukwamukelwa of nasezincekwini zakhe, wakhetha silondoloze igunya elimiswe ngokufanele yamakhosi (ngombandela wokuthi they fulfill ezinye izidingo zabo). I ukumelana lokuqala yimpumelelo ukuze amaHeti kwadingeka abaseGibhithe.

Impi phakathi kwabo eyathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu, njengoba impumelelo ocacile abakwazanga ukufinyelela ubani. Linqoba ngokuhlakanipha, futhi phakathi kwezizwe ekugcineni ukuthula kuphothuliwe. AmaHeti waqala sithole okusanhlamvu ezishibhile kusukela izinqolobane laseGibhithe, kuyilapho abaseGibhithe ngokwabo ukunikezela uyajabula kakhulu imikhando. Ngokuvamile, cishe yonke impucuko aseMpumalanga lasendulo futhi endulo Wayesondelene ubudlelwane bezomnotho, amasiko nezomnotho nomunye.

Ukufa umHeti impucuko

Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi amaHeti babe obunokuthula ngakho ophoqelelwe-Asiriya. Nakuba amandla abo kwanda kakhulu, futhi abantu ngempela ngokushesha empini waphuma imingcele umHeti isimo. Yiqiniso, mithandazo hhayi kakhulu bakhangwa nethemba impi nezimpi ezimbili. Nokho, kusukela ekufeni amaHeti ingagciniwe. Izazi-mlando emhlabeni wonke Namanje bebaphikisana ngani ukuthi lokhu elahlekile impucuko aseMpumalanga sidilizwa. Egypt akuhlangene nakho, kusukela oFaro e abantu abangophakimpi babe izivumelwano ukuthula.

Cishe, lokhu kwakunganele ngaphandle kokusebenzisa "Sea Abantu." Mhlawumbe la maqembu okuyimfihlakalo amasosha wakwazi ukuhamba ukuze Hattusa futhi umuzi. By the way, eGibhithe yayibhekene ehlasela futhi, kodwa Ramses III wakwazi inflict ukunqotshwa ezimbi, ngemva kwalokho ukushuba ekuhlaseleni "amatilosi" kwehle kakhulu. Kwakuwusuku impucuko aseMpumalanga sidilizwa lasendulo?

Asiriya kanye URARTU

Okokuqala, abase-Asiriya eshiwo ngenhla wathatha izwe kangako. inhloko-dolobha yabo laliwumuzi Ashur isendaweni oMfula iTigrisi. Bancamela bonke ekilasini efanayo, ziye ahlonishwe amaHethi, kodwa ikakhulukazi wayevelele futhi ezindabeni kwezohwebo. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa abantu ekuqaleni kwakungeyona nenkani ikakhulukazi, kodwa ngoba ngesikhathi khona esimweni ngokuvamile ethumba omakhelwane.

Kodwa kakade ekhulwini XIV BC-Asiriya bakwazi wasithatha ukuhlupheka yaseBabele, eduze 9-10 Century shí ishaye izizwe ayimizulane wahlupheka cishe yonke impucuko zezwe lasendulo. East sidilizwa nazo Njalo sibhekana zithi yabo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo phezu lweLake Van (eCaucasus) ngangihlala abantu ngempela ongaqondakali, ubani-Asiriya wabizwa ngokuthi URARTU. Futhi ngo 10th ekhulwini BC, abaningi ochotshoziwe ngezizwe zawo ahlanganisiwe, futhi isishiya isimo enamandla URARTU. "Yasiza" komakhelwane bayo-Asiriya njengombana ukuhlaselwa kwabo njalo ziphoqe ngisho hardcore iningi fiefs bendawo bayaqaphela ukuthi badinga ukuze uhlangane. Dawn zabantwana URARTU cishe ekhulwini lesishiyagalombili leminyaka BC. Khona-ke yangaphambili abacindezelwe ngokwabo kungaholela ezimpini ukunqoba ngokumelene lwabacindezeli babo.

Ubudlelwano ne URARTU

Phakathi nale nkathi, amakhosi ase-Asiriya baye bahlupheka ngokuphindaphindiwe kusukela kokunqotshwa URARTU. ukwehluleka Military musa ukwandisa udumo yabo kubantu, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile kuba nzima flash nezibhelu gobe kuphakama ngaphakathi iqembu elibusayo. Babalelwa ku-750 BC liqala ukubusa, inkosi ehlakaniphile, futhi sinesihluku uThigilati-Phileseri III, lawo ngokushesha wahlanganyela nasekuqiniseni ibutho.

It is ngokugcwele rearmed amabutho ayo, babanike unqambothi yensimbi izikhali, futhi wenza okuhlaselayo impi isisekelo emnothweni kazwelonke. Yena nabalandeli bakhe bakwazi unamathisele kumAsiriya umbuso omningi umhlaba omusha mina ephethwe ngaphambi nakwezinye izizwe zezwe lasendulo. East sidilizwa usezuze isiko elisha evelele.

ngemva kweminyaka engu-40 nje izinguquko iqalwa Asiriya ephethwe sokususa URARTU. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlula abantu abaningi base-Palestine kanye Syria ebanjwe bakha ingxenye enkulu yabamemezeli Gibhithe neyaseBhabhiloni. Ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni walesi impucuko kakhulu esetshenziswa indlela kuthuthwa ophoqelelwe. Babefuna sokwetshisa izizwe ayenqotshiwe, ukuphula kubo futhi baphoqwa ukuba balahle ukholo lwabo siqu nolimi.

Ngokungafani amaHeti namaPheresiya, base idume ukubonelelwa kuya yanqotshwa. Ngakho, lokho kubhekwa njengokuzijabulisa umsunguli yamakhosi ase-Asiriya isethi amasu sokuhlushwa eyinkimbinkimbi kanye ukubulawa ngesihluku kakhulu. Nokho, kusukela nezibhelu njalo nokuvukela ayengakhishwa basindiswe. Kodwa akufanele njengesivikelo amashinga eziyihlazo: kanye zonke impucuko enkulu eMpumalanga yasendulo, abantu futhi ukuhlwanyela "ocabangelayo, ezinhle futhi okuphakade."

izimpumelelo Asiriya

ingcebo Incredible etholwe njengoba ngempango yempi futhi enduduzo, wavumela abase-Asiriya ukuba imenze enkantolo yakhe abaningi ososayensi oluvelele, abalobi nezazi zefilosofi isikhathi sakhe. Yingenxa yalesi sizwe, sinalo ulwazi mayelana izincwadi yamaSumer kanye AbaseBhabhiloni, ababesebenzisa bathunyelwa kubo. Ngakho, imibhalo yaseMesophothamiya kufundvwe kuze kube yilolu suku, ziye zalondolozwa kulekelelwa ke yizazi-Asiriya.

Ngo iNineve, inhloko-dolobha yombuso omusha wawungakholelwa abacebe ngaleso sikhathi iqoqo lezincwadi ezibhebheni zobumba, equkethe zonke ngokwazi ukuthi iphethwe buthelela impucuko aseMpumalanga sidilizwa. Kafushane, kwaba fount wangempela wokuhlakanipha, weza uthinte ukuthi izazi ezivela emhlabeni wonke lasendulo.

Kodwa ngesikhathi akhishwa isimo kakade: ngekhulu lesikhombisa izitha BC-Asiriya uqale isixuku bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Ngenxa yalokhu, indima juqu eyadlalwa ukungezwani ezikhulayo ngaphakathi imibuthano yokubusa. Ngo 626 iNineve igunya sinqatshiwe umbusi yaseBhabhiloni yazibeka inkosi. Nguye enza isivumelwano amaningi empi nabanye abantu Iranian (ikakhulukazi nge isimo Abezindaba). ukuhlaselwa Joint babungamahora yesulwe-Asiriya, futhi owokugcina amaviyo alo abulawa 609 BC.

namaPheresiya

Ngemuva kokuwa izitha zawo eziyingozi kunazo, abase-Asiriya, babe kuyanda Midiiyskoe futhi Empire aseBhabhiloni Elisha. Lesi sakamuva wasungula wamaKhaledi kaNabopolassar, okuyinto ngesikhathi esisodwa ihlelwe ukumelana asebenzayo abanqobayo. Indodana yakhe, uNebukhadinezari II, wakwazi ukunqoba hhayi kuphela izinsalela-Asiriya, kodwa Palestine neSiriya. Lapho sifinyelela eBhabhiloni ukuchuma Amazing namandla. Ngisho omunye Izimangaliso the World, the Hanging Gardens, lapho amaGreki asendulo ngephutha isibaluli Queen Semiramis, zadalwa onjiniyela yayo.

Ngenkathi Aryans wahlala on ensimini yase-Iran. Akumangalisi ukuthi labo izingxenye abantu ababephila ngesikhathi sabo ngokuthi "iZwe we Aryans", ngaleso sikhathi kakhulu exutshwe izizwe ayimizulane we Indo-baseYurophu (nakuba cishe yoke imiphakathi leMpumalanga Ephakathi basendulo ababenayo igazi labo). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, indawo yakwa-Iran kwamiswa namaqembu ezinhlanga eziningana ezintsha, enamandla kunazo futhi laba yintandokazi ngokushesha namaPheresiya. Ngokusemthethweni, base ingxenye yombuso wamaMede, kodwa eqinisweni ababenakho umbusi yabo.

Adume inkosi yasePheresiya uKoresi ngangimane nje waqala ne esanqaba igunya umbusi Median, etshumayela abantu bakhe ezimele. Yavela kanjalo-ke umbuso wasePheresiya. Lesi sizwe isungule masinyane futhi ngokushesha kakhulu amabutho ako kwafinyelela beya eNdiya, futhi wasithatha Syria eside uhlupheka Palestine. Kodwa "wenzuzo" eyinhloko namaPheresiya umbuso Lydian, namanje ngenxa yokuthi kuba ezimayini zayo zavezwa cishe u-70% zegolide, ezizenzile lalisakaze Elidala Umhlaba ngaphambi kokutholakala Melika. Uma sikubeka kalula, impucuko yokuqala East lasendulo abahlinzeke yokukhokha sonke isintu ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka ezayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, namaPheresiya ngokushesha zaba izitha lesifungweni sayo amaGreki, njengoba ethumba cishe zonke lezo ababengaphansi kwemibuso yakwamanye amazwe elizweni. Ekugcineni, ngo-539 BC, amabutho abo walindela sako ukuze uthwebule eBhabhiloni.

Velikiy aseKhiri ubulawe ngesikhathi olunye uhambo oluya e-Asia Ephakathi. INdodana umnqobi uCambyses, wakwazi ukunqoba Egypt. Esebuse izuzwe is akunakwenzeka ukuba okumisiwe, kodwa isimo waphula ngokuzumayo namahloni, wayesefa. Nokho, uDariyu I, owafika amandla, akakunikanga inhlokomo yangaphakathi ukubhubhisa isimo. Yena ngokhahlo uzobajezisa bonke abantu abawuhlupho waphothula umkhankaso kaKoresi e-Asia Ephakathi futhi umPheresiya ibutho anqobe ingxenye yeNdiya. Ukushiyeka yinkosi kuphela endabeni amaSkithe lwabo eGreece yena akuphumelelanga kakhulu.

izici zayo lokhu impucuko

UMbuso WasePheresiya kwaba isimo ukwakheka kuqala wezwe usayizi omkhulu. ukuzinza yezwe inikezwe division yayo yaba izifunda - satrapies, ngasinye imithetho ngamandla umbusi (futhi baba amakhosi amazwe yanqoba ngokuvamile). Ngokokuqala ngqá le eyodwa okuthunyelwe isimo ehhovisi, ebanjwa kabusha lwemali Kwahlelwa emlandweni ngenhloso Standardization esiphezulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lingelikaJehova namaPheresiya kancane kancane kwakheka umqondo wokuthi ngaphandle imigwaqo athuthukiswe kahle hhayi kuyoba izwe eqinile. Laba bantu nje akazange kwaphawulwa yokuthi ngisho emaphethelweni ezikude kakhulu zaleli kombusi ngamunye sabekwa kuyindlela enhle kwavula. Ngakho, ngisho incazelo eseduze yezimpucuko aseMpumalanga lasendulo ibonisa ukuthi basuke athuthukile.

NamaPheresiya manje undeservedly imisebenzi ukhohliwe futhi idemoni amaGreki ngobuqili. Eqinisweni, amasiko abo lutho wawungaphansi yamaGreki namaRoma, futhi wahlala isikhathi eside. Ngakho, impucuko aseMpumalanga lasendulo lasendulo usinikeze okuningi kuka kuvame ukuba kucatshangwe: uhlelo zokubusa, ukubaluleka imizila yezokuthutha, amaqoqo lokuqala imithetho wabeka nokunye, abaningi abacabanga izici ehlukile ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla.